Fig. 3

HemoHIM-treated BMDCs induced the activations of allogeneic CD4⁺ T cells derived from BALB/c mice. a CD4⁺ T cells were co-cultured for 48 h with C57BL/6-derived BMDCs that were treated with LPS (1 μg/ml) or HemoHIM (100 μg/ml). The proliferation of allogeneic CD4⁺ T cells was assessed using a Bromo-kit. b Culture supernatants were harvested after 48 h, and cytokine levels were measured by ELISA. The results are representative of three experiments. ^*, p < 0.05, ^**, p < 0.01, and ^***, p < 0.001 vs. CD4⁺ T cells co-cultured with untreated BMDCs. Not detection (N.D) showed less than 10 pg/ml of cytokine secretion in this experiment