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Table 8 Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of Korean propolis ethanol extracts and a commercial antibiotic ciprofloxacin toward four harmful and two nonpathogenic intestinal bacteria

From: Relationship between total phenolic contents and biological properties of propolis from 20 different regions in South Korea

Test bacteria

No. active propolis

Propolis samplea (MIC, mg/mL)

C. difficile ATCC 9689b

3

P6 (1.84), P9 (1.84), P11 (1.84), CFd (0.031)

C. paraputrificum ATCC 25780b

1

P12 (1.84), CFd (0.062)

C. perfringens ATCC 13124b

1

P9 (14.7), CFd (0.031)

S. aureus ATCC 12600b

0

CFd (0.031)

B. fragilis ATCC 25285c

3

P8 (3.7), P12 (1.84), P19 (1.84), CFd (0.062)

E. coli ATCC 11775c

4

P9 (1.84), P12 (1.84), P14 (1.84), P19 (1.84), CFd (0.062)

S. enterica Typhimurium ATCC 13311c

1

P19 (14.7), CFd (0.125)

B. bifidum ATCC 29521b

1

P8 (14.7), CFd (0.016)

B. infantis ATCC 25962b

2

P12 (14.7), P19 (14.7), CFd (0.031)

B. breve ATCC 15700b

0

CFd (0.031)

B. longum ATCC 15707b

1

P19 (14.7), CFd (0.031)

L. acidophilus ATCC 4356b

0

CFd (0.062)

L. casei ATCC 393b

0

CFd (0.031)

C. butyricum ATCC 25779b

2

P12 (14.7), P19 (7.4), CFd (0.031)

  1. aThe other Korean propolis samples and three foreign (Austrailian, Brazilian, and Chinese) samples were ineffective (MIC, > 30 mg/mL)
  2. bGram-positive bacteria
  3. cGram-negative bacteria
  4. dCiprofloxacin