Fig. 3

Inhibitory effects of a 70 % methanol extract of A. dahurica root (ADE, 1 mg/ml) on extracellular Ca²⁺-induced (0.3–10 mM) contraction in endothelium-denuded rat aortic rings precontracted by phenylephrine (PE, 1 μM) (a, b, and c) or KCl (60 mM) (d, e, and f) in Ca²⁺-free solution. Representative traces show the control group (a and d) and the ADE-treated group (b and e). Control groups were not pre-incubated with ADE. Values are expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 4–8). ^*P < 0.01, ^**P < 0.01 vs. control