Table 4 Effects of the subchronic oral administration of OS-EL on biochemical parameters in Sprague Dawley rats

Female rats

 Sodium

mmol/L

138.2 ± 0.96

139.5 ± 0.25

140.2 ± 0.8

139.5 ± 1.06

 Potassium

mmol/L

10.34 ± 0.52

5.9 ± 0.16*

6.75 ± 0.74*

7.55 ± 0.79

 Chloride

mmol/L

95.6 ± 1.02

99.25 ± 0.56

100.6 ± 0.67*

100.75 ± 1.76*

 Urea

mmol/L

9.14 ± 0.32

10.57 ± 0.48

10.06 ± 0.37

10.77 ± 0.40

 Creatinine

mmol/L

48.6 ± 3.94

34 ± 1.93

34.6 ± 4.81

35 ± 2.25

 Uric Acid

mmol/L

0.154 ± 0.02

0.19 ± 0.03

0.176 ± 0.02

0.20 ± 0.02

 Calcium

mmol/L

2.87 ± 0.04

2.91 ± 0.08

2.88 ± 0.05

2.86 ± 0.03

 Corrected Calcium

mmol/L

2.97 ± 0.02

3.03 ± 0.08

3.00 ± 0.05

2.98 ± 0.02

 Phosphate

mmol/L

3.05 ± 0.07

2.56 ± 0.16

3.56 ± 0.35

2.93 ± 0.12

 Total Protein

g/L

85.4 ± 1.20

81 ± 1.15

81 ± 1.87

79.75 ± 1.05

 Albumin

g/L

36 ± 0.83

34 ± 0.63

33.8 ± 2.31

33.75 ± 0.99

 Globulin

g/L

49.4 ± 0.4

47 ± 1.31

47.2 ± 2.81

46 ± 1.15

 Albumin/ Globulin ratio

g/L

0.72 ± 0.02

0.72 ± 0.02

0.73 ± 0.09

0.73 ± 0.03

 Alkaline

U/L

217.2 ± 33.77

183 ± 14.60

231.6 ± 36.04

264 ± 29.41

 Total Bilirubin

umol/L

<2

<2

<2

<2

 GGT

U/L

<3

<3

<3

<3

 AST

U/L

398.4 ± 92.12

202 ± 29.52

256.6 ± 37.62

230.25 ± 48.13

 ALT

U/L

82.4 ± 9.04

63.5 ± 5.48

72.2 ± 7.76

62 ± 3.40

 Glucose

mmol/L

6.18 ± 0.27

5.87 ± 0.23

6.12 ± 1.41

7.15 ± 0.75

 Total Cholesterol

mmol/L

2.5 ± 0.33

2.25 ± 0.05

2.24 ± 0.14

2.5 ± 0.09

Male rats

 Sodium

mmol/L

139 ± 0.54

141.25 ± 0.92

138.2 ± 1.74

142.8 ± 1.01

 Potassium

mmol/L

6.06 ± 0.45

4.72 ± 0.30

6.5 ± 0.00

6.12 ± 0.05

 Chloride

mmol/L

101.75 ± 0.67

97.75 ± 0.42*

101.2 ± 0.66

101.4 ± 0.6

 Urea

mmol/L

8.75 ± 0.43

7.27 ± 0.18

8.5 ± 0.29

9.66 ± 0.62

 Creatinine

mmol/L

34 ± 0.89

29.25 ± 2.64

46.6 ± 2.29*

37.8 ± 2.70

 Uric Acid

mmol/L

0.14 ± 0.02

0.12 ± 0.01

0.23 ± 0.03

0.12 ± 0.00

 Calcium

mmol/L

2.48 ± 0.06

2.92 ± 0.02*

2.50 ± 0.06

2.57 ± 0.02

 Corrected Calcium

mmol/L

2.62 ± 0.06

3.10 ± 0.03*

2.58 ± 0.07

2.68 ± 0.01

 Phosphate

mmol/L

2.93 ± 0.09

2.95 ± 0.10

3.30 ± 0.33

2.81 ± 0.14

 Total Protein

g/L

69.5 ± 0.85

75 ± 0.81

71.2 ± 0.96

71.6 ± 0.97

 Albumin

g/L

34 ± 0.83

30.75 ± 0.42*

36 ± 0.54

34.6 ± 0.50

 Globulin

g/L

36 ± 0.36

44.25 ± 1.11*

35.2 ± 0.58

37 ± 1.22

 Albumin/ Globulin ratio

g/L

0.93 ± 0.02

0.69 ± 0.02*

1.02 ± 0.01

0.94 ± 0.04

 Alkaline

U/L

200.6 ± 23.26

340.75 ± 4.41*

175.6 ± 16.35

188.2 ± 12.03

 Total Bilirubin

umol/L

<2

<2

<2

<2

 GGT

U/L

<3

<3

<3

<3

 AST

U/L

264.25 ± 47.71

167.5 ± 21.26

234.75 ± 34.91

225.6 ± 34.90

 ALT

U/L

83.4 ± 13.64

88.25 ± 9.53

102.25 ± 27.27

83.2 ± 17.14

 Glucose

mmol/L

3.86 ± 0.11

6.57 ± 0.27*

3.7 ± 0.14

3.7 ± 0.36

 Total Cholesterol

mmol/L

1.56 ± 0.05

2.25 ± 0.11*

1.8 ± 0.07

1.78 ± 0.07