|
Characteristics of the women
| | | | | |
|
Age (years), mean (SD)
|
26.5 (4.8)
|
27.6 (4.6)
|
28.3 (5.0)
| | | |
|
Born in Sweden (%)
|
91.3
|
89.7
|
90.2
| | | |
|
Higher education (%)
|
35
|
44.8
|
54.2
| | | |
|
Single parent (%)
|
14.5
|
18.4
|
15.7
| | | |
|
Smoking 3 months prior to pregnancy (%)
|
23.0
|
19.5
|
19.7
| | | |
|
Body mass index in early pregnancy, mean (SD)
|
24.4 (5.0)
|
24.2 (3.8)
|
24.9 (4.1)
| | | |
|
Cervix dilatation at admission (cm), mean (SD)
|
3.6 (1.5)
|
4 (1.6)
|
3.6 (1.8)
| | | |
|
Membranes ruptured before admission (%)
|
30.5
|
28.7
|
33.3
| | | |
| | | | |
MA vs. SC
|
EA vs. SC
|
MA vs. EA
|
|
Labour outcomes and pain relief
| | | | | |
| | | | |
OR (CI)a
|
OR (CI)a
|
OR (CI)b
|
|
Nitrous Oxide (%)
|
95.1
|
95.4
|
93.8
|
1.89 (0.43–8.37)
|
1.52 (0.39–5.96)
|
0.80 (0.17–3.75)
|
|
Sterile water injections (%)
|
12.2
|
4.7
|
10.0
|
1.15 (0.42–3.14)
|
0.40 (0.11–1.40)
|
0.35 (0.10–1.17)
|
|
TENS (%)
|
14.5
|
12.6
|
48.1
|
0.17 (0.77–0.37)
|
0.16 (0.73–0.34)
|
0.94 (0.38–2.33)
|
|
Morphine (%)
|
10.8
|
1.2
|
6.3
|
1.87 (0.59–5.95)
|
0.17 (0.20–1.53)
|
0.09 (0.01–0.76)
|
|
Epidural analgesia (%)
|
61.4
|
46.0
|
69.9
|
0.62 (0.32–1.20)
|
0.35 (0.19–0.67)
|
0.57 (0.31–1.06)
|
|
Mode of Delivery
| | | | | | |
|
Normal vaginal (%)
|
74.7
|
74.7
|
74.7
|
0.97 (0.46–2.02)
|
0.94 (0.46–1.91)
|
0.97 (0.48–1.99)
|
|
Instrumental vaginal (%)
|
16.9
|
19.5
|
12.0
|
1.52 (0.61–3.81)
|
1.93 (0.81–4.63)
|
1.27 (0.56–2.87)
|
|
Caesarean (%)
|
8.4
|
5.7
|
13.3
|
0.64 (0.23–1.79)
|
0.41 (0.14–1.26)
|
0.65 (0.20–2.14)
|
| | | | |
HR (CI 95 %)a
|
HR (CI 95 %)a
|
HR (CI 95 %)b
|
|
Duration of labour (minutes) mean (SD) c
|
619 (378)
|
500 (319)
|
615 (398)
|
1.03 (0.75–1.41)
|
1.44 (1.06–1.97)
|
1.41 (1.03–1.91)
|
|
Infant data
| | | |
OR (CI)a
|
OR (CI)a
|
OR (CI)b
|
|
Transferal to neonatal care unit (%)
|
3.6
|
11.5
|
4.9
|
0.91 (0.19–4.31)
|
2.82 (0.82–9.68)
|
3.11 (0.81–11.98)
|
| | | | |
p
|
p
|
p
|
|
Apgar score <7 at 5 minutes (%)
|
1.2
|
2.3
|
0
|
1.00
|
0.68
|
0.69
|
|
Umbilical cord arterial pH, mean (SD)
|
7.3 (0.7)
|
7.2 (0.7)
|
7.3 (0.8)
|
1.00
|
0.52
|
0.45
|
|
Umbilical cord venous pH, mean (SD)
|
7.3 (0.7)
|
7.3 (0.8)
|
7.3 (0.6)
|
1.00
|
0.68
|
0.69
|
|
Head circumference (cm), mean (SD)
|
34.9 (1.4)
|
34.9 (1.3)
|
35 (1.3)
| | | |
|
Birth weight (grams), mean (SD)
|
3508 (410)
|
3590 (456)
|
3654 (493)
| | | |
