Lung inflammation changes and oxidative stress induced by cigarette smoke exposure in guinea pigs affected by Zataria multiflora and its constituent, carvacrol

Table 2 The levels of thiol groups (mM) and IL-8 (pg/mL) in BALF of COPD animals treated with Z. multiflora , carvacrol, and dexamethasone (Dexa.)

Parameter	Zataria (0.4 mg/mL)	Zataria (0.8 mg/mL)	Zataria (1.6 mg/mL)	Carvacrol (60 μg/mL)	Carvacrol (120 μg/mL)	Carvacrol (240 μg/mL)	Dexa. (50 μg/mL)
Thiol (mM)	44.33 ± 1.84+++	55.15 ± 1.27###	68.34 ± 4.06+,###,¶	46.66 ± 3.52+¶	64.08 ± 5.81#	76.01 ± 2.32+++,###	58.20 ± 1.82
IL-8 (pg/mL)	409.15 ± 6.84	375.21 ± 15.31	396.74 ± 15.84	412.53 ± 11.16	416.66 ± 16.91	383.46 ± 34.35	375.02 ± 21.15

Data are presented as mean ± SEM. +; p < 0.05, +++; p < 0.001, compared to the effect of dexamethasone using unpaired t-test. #; p < 0.05, ###; p < 0.001, compared to the effect of low concentration of Z. multiflora and carvacrol, and ¶; p < 0.05, compared to the effect their medium concentration using (ANOVA) with Tukey–Kramer multiple post test.

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