Lung inflammation changes and oxidative stress induced by cigarette smoke exposure in guinea pigs affected by Zataria multiflora and its constituent, carvacrol

Table 1 Values of total (number/mL) and differential (%) WBC in BALF of COPD treated with Z. multiflora , carvacrol, and dexamethasone (Dexa.)

Parameter	Zataria (0.4 mg/mL)	Zataria (0.8 mg/mL)	Zataria (1.6 mg/mL)	Carvacrol (60 μg/mL)	Carvacrol (120 μg/mL)	Carvacrol (240 μg/mL)	Dexa. (50 μg/mL)
Total WBC	2.08 ± 0.11+++	1.04 ± 0.82###	0.89 ± 0.62###	2.05 ± 0.15+++	1.00 ± 0.75###	0.80 ± 0.76###	1.21 ± 0.92
Eosinophil	3.33 ± 0.33++	1.83 ± 0.40+,#	1.00 ± 0.25##	2.83 ± 0.60++	0.80 ± 0.37#	0.83 ± 0.307###	0.83 ± 0.40
Neutrophil	37.16 ± 1.19+	34.33 ± 1.64	31.50 ± 1.17#	38.16 ± 1.53++	32.20 ± 1.46#	29.50 ± 1.58##	30.83 ± 1.01
Monocyte	11.66 ± 0.76	130 ± 0.96	14.66 ± 1.40	12.66 ± 1.54	13.60 ± 0.51	13.33 ± 0.91	14.50 ± 1.25
Lymphocyte	47.83 ± 1.64	50.83 ± 1.16	52.83 ± 1.01#	46.33 ± 1.85	53.4 ± 0.92#	56.33 ± 1.28###	53.83 ± 1.30

Data are presented as mean ± SEM. WBC is expressed as its count in 1 mL BALF and those of each type of WBC is the percentage of total WBC. +; p < 0.05, ++; p < 0.01, +++; p < 0.001 compared to the effect of dexamethasone using unpaired t-test. #; p < 0.05, ##; p < 0.01. ###; p < 0.001, compared to the effect of low concentration of Z. multiflora and carvacrol, using (ANOVA) with Tukey–Kramer multiple post test.

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