Studies | Design | Subjects (age) | Sample size (pre/post) | Intervention (frequency) | Control | Duration | Relevant outcome measures | Results |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Johansson et al., 2008[17] | RTC | Regular qigong practitioners for 4.8 ± 3.1 years (mean age: 51 years) | QG: 28 | Jichu Gong | Lecture attendance | 30 min | (1) STAI-state form | (1) p < .01 |
CG: 31 | (2) POMS | (2) p < .002 for depression score; p < .001 for anger score; p < .001 for fatigue score; p > .05 for scores of tension, vigor, and confusion. | ||||||
Lee et al., 2004[18] | RCT | Healthy male volunteers who were offered 4 weeks of free classes in Qi-training (20–40 years) | QG: 16 | ChunDoSunBup Qi training | Structured movements without gathering or moving qi. | 1 hour | (1) STAI-state form | (1) p < .005 |
CG: 16 | (2) ACTH | (2) p < .01 | ||||||
(3) Cortisol | (3) p < .005 | |||||||
(4) Aldosterone | (4) p < .005 | |||||||
Chow et al., 2012[19] | RCT | Middle-aged adults (21–64 years) | IG: 34/34 | Chan Mi Gong (90 min, supervised session once a week for 8 weeks, continued with home practice for 4 weeks) | Wait list | 12 wk | (1) DASS-21 | (1) DASS-S: p = .019; DASS-A: p = .034; DASS-D: p = .053 |
CG: 34/31 | (2) ChQOL | (2) p = .017 | ||||||
(3) Salivary cortisol level | (3) p < .001 | |||||||
Griffith et al., 2008[20] | RCT | Hospital staff (mean age: 51 years) | IG: 25/16 | Qigong exercise (The Basic Eight qigong) (1 hour, twice a week plus 30 minutes of DVD-directed practice for non-class days) | Wait list | 6 wk | (1) PSS | (1) p = 0.02 |
CG: 25/21 | (2) SF-36 | (2) p = 0.05 for social functioning | ||||||
(3) Sleep | (3) NS | |||||||
Hwang et al., 2013[21] | RCT | Distressed adults (20–60 years) | IG: 25/19 | Brief qigong-based stress reduction program (4 weekly group sessions with a total of 5 hours; 15 min home practice twice daily) | Wait list | 4 wk | (1) PSS | (1) p < .001 |
CG: 25/19 | (3) STAI | (2) p < .001 for trait anxiety; p < .005 for state anxiety | ||||||
(3) Hwa-byung (anger syndrome) scale | (3) p < .05 for personality; p < .05 for symptoms | |||||||
(4) WHOQOL-BREE | (4) p < .05 | |||||||
(5) Salivary cortisol | (5) NS | |||||||
Liu et al., 2008[22] | RCT | College students (Age: n.r.) | IG: 50 | Eight-Section Brocade qigong (1.5 hours, 5 times per week) | Wait list | 12 wk | SCL-90 | p < .05 for five of the ten subscales: somatization, obsessive-compulsive, anxiety, depression, and hostility. |
CG: 50 | ||||||||
Manzaneque et al., 2009[23] | RCT | College students (18–21 years) | IG: 21/16 | Eight-Section Brocade (Ba Duan Jin) qigong (30 minutes, 3 group sessions a week plus individual practice on the other days) | Wait list | 1 mo | (1) STAI-trait form | (1) p < .01 |
CG: 18/16 | (2) BAI | (2) NS | ||||||
(3) BDI | (3) p < .01 | |||||||
(4) PSQI | (4) NS | |||||||
(5) TNF-α | (5) NS | |||||||
(6) TNF-γ | (6) NS |