- Research article
- Open Access
- Published:
Characteristics of randomized controlled trials of yoga: a bibliometric analysis
BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine volume 14, Article number: 328 (2014)
Abstract
Background
A growing number of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have investigated the therapeutic value of yoga interventions. This bibliometric analysis aimed to provide a comprehensive review of the characteristics of the totality of available randomized yoga trials.
Methods
All RCTs of yoga were eligible. Medline/PubMed, Scopus, the Cochrane Library, IndMED, and the tables of content of yoga specialty journals not listed in medical databases were screened through February 2014. Bibliometric data, data on participants, and intervention were extracted and analyzed descriptively.
Results
Published between 1975 and 2014, a total of 366 papers were included, reporting 312 RCTs from 23 different countries with 22,548 participants. The median study sample size was 59 (range 8–410, interquartile range = 31, 93). Two hundred sixty-four RCTs (84.6%) were conducted with adults, 105 (33.7%) with older adults and 31 (9.9%) with children. Eighty-four RCTs (26.9%) were conducted with healthy participants. Other trials enrolled patients with one of 63 varied medical conditions; the most common being breast cancer (17 RCTs, 5.4%), depression (14 RCTs, 4.5%), asthma (14 RCTs, 4.5%) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (13 RCTs, 4.2%). Whilst 119 RCTs (38.1%) did not define the style of yoga used, 35 RCTs (11.2%) used Hatha yoga and 30 RCTs (9.6%) yoga breathing. The remaining 128 RCTs (41.0%) used 46 varied yoga styles, with a median intervention length of 9 weeks (range 1 day to 1 year; interquartile range = 5, 12). Two hundred and forty-four RCTs (78.2%) used yoga postures, 232 RCTs (74.4%) used breath control, 153 RCTs (49.0%) used meditation and 32 RCTs (10.3%) used philosophy lectures. One hundred and seventy-four RCTs (55.6%) compared yoga with no specific treatment; 21 varied control interventions were used in the remaining RCTs.
Conclusions
This bibliometric analysis presents the most complete up-to-date overview on published randomized yoga trials. While the available research evidence is sparse for most conditions, there was a marked increase in published RCTs in recent years.
Background
Yoga is rooted in Indian philosophy and has been a part of traditional Indian spiritual practice for millennia [1]. The Indian sage Patañjali prescribed adherence to eight limbs of yoga, aimed at quieting one’s mind to achieve the union of mind, body and spirit that is traditional yoga’s ultimate goal. These limbs include ‘Yama’ and ‘Niyama’ (a code of conduct for an ethical lifestyle), ‘Asana’ (physical postures), ‘Pranayama’ (breath control), ‘Pratyahara’ (withdrawal of the senses from external objects to increase self-awareness), ‘Dharana’ (concentration), ‘Dhyana’ (meditation) and ‘Samadhi’ (oneness with the object of meditation) [1, 2]. Regardless of its spiritual origins, yoga has become a popular route to physical and mental well-being [1, 2] and has been adapted for use in complementary and alternative medicine in Western society [3]. In the latter setting, yoga is most often associated with physical postures, breath control and meditation; and different yoga schools have emerged that put varying focus on physical and mental practices [2].
Worldwide, it is estimated that yoga is regularly practiced by about 30 million people [4]. Yoga is gaining increased popularity as a therapeutic practice; nearly 14 million Americans (6.1% of the United States of America’s population) reported that yoga had been recommended to them by a physician or therapist [5]. Indeed, about half of American yoga practitioners (more than 13 million people) reported starting practice explicitly to improve their health [6, 7]. In the United Kingdom, yoga is even promoted by the National Health Service as a safe and effective approach, in health and illness, for people of all ages [8].
Yoga’s therapeutic potential has been explored in a growing number of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to date [9]. In order to inform practitioners, therapists and patients about the therapeutic value of yoga in a specific condition, it is important to consolidate knowledge on the available research evidence. The aim of this bibliometric analysis was to provide a comprehensive review of the characteristics of the totality of available randomized yoga trials.
Methods
Where applicable, this bibliometric analysis is reported in accordance with the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines [10].
Eligibility criteria
Types of studies
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs), cluster-randomized trials and randomized cross-over studies were eligible. No language restrictions were applied.
Types of participants
Studies of all types of participants were eligible. No restrictions were applied regarding socio-demographic characteristics or health status.
Types of interventions
Studies were eligible if they assessed the effects of yoga interventions. No restrictions were applied regarding the tradition, length, frequency or duration of the studied yoga programs. The specific yoga practices included in the intervention were not restricted as long as the intervention was based on yoga theory and/or traditional yoga practice. Eligible intervention components included yoga postures, yoga breathing techniques and meditation, and lectures on yoga philosophy and/or yoga lifestyle. Studies that allowed individual co-interventions, in addition to the intervention formally studied were deemed eligible, but those with multimodal interventions (such as mindfulness-based stress reduction or comprehensive lifestyle modification) were not, even if the latter included yoga. Studies with all types of control interventions were deemed eligible.
Literature search methods
Four electronic databases, Medline/PubMed, Scopus, IndMED and the Cochrane Library were searched from their inception through February 12, 2014. The literature search was constructed around search terms for “yoga” and a filter for retrieving randomized controlled trials [11]. The complete search strategy for Medline/Pubmed is shown in Table 1. The reference lists of identified original articles or reviews were also searched manually for additional eligible studies. Additionally, the tables of contents of the Journal of Yoga & Physical Therapy and the International Scientific Yoga Journal SENSE were reviewed. Identified abstracts were screened independently by two review authors (RL, HC). Potentially eligible articles were then read in full by two review authors (HC, RL) to determine whether they actually met the eligibility criteria.
Data extraction and analysis
Bibliometric data (publication year, origin, journal of publication), data on participants (origin, sample size, gender, age, medical condition) and intervention (yoga tradition, program length, intervention components, control intervention) were extracted by the latter authors (HC,RL), using a standardized data extraction form. These data were then analyzed descriptively using SPSS® (release 20.0, IBM, Armonk, NY, USA) and Microsoft Excel (version 12.3.5, Microsoft, Redmond, WA, USA), to determine their distribution, central tendency (median) and dispersion (range, interquartile range [IQR]).
Results
Literature search
A total of 2,488 records were located in the literature search, an additional 31 others being identified from other sources. Duplicate records were then excluded, leaving 1530 records to be screened. Of these, 1041 were excluded either because they were not randomized or because they did not include yoga as an intervention. Of the remaining 489 full-text records assessed for eligibility, 124 were excluded because either they were not fully published [12–26], were not randomized [27–115] or they did not include yoga interventions [116–134]. The final analysis was conducted on 366 full-text articles [135–500] reporting 312 RCTS with a total of 22,548 participants (Figure 1).
Results of the literature search.
Bibliometrics
The 366 analyzed articles originated in 23 different countries, with most coming from India (k = 170, 46.4%) or the USA (k = 98, 26.8%). The two earliest pieces were published in 1975; but most (86.9%) were published post-millennial. Between 2010 and 2011, and again between 2011 and 2012, the number of articles published each year almost doubled, and remained relatively stable from 2012 to 2013 (Figure 2). Of the 366 articles identified, 54 (14.8%) proved to be duplicate publications (Figure 2); that is multiple articles reporting identical or different results on 28 already published studies; with only seven disclosing the existence of the latter. Of 170 Indian articles, only 136 were original publications, the remainder (k = 34, 20.0%) being duplicates of already published RCTs. Of the US publications, 11 pieces (11.2%) were duplicated in this way. The 366 analyzed articles appeared in 155 different journals; the most prevalent being the International Journal of Yoga (k = 27, 7.4%), the Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine (k = 21, 5.7%), the Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology (k = 19, 5.2%), Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine (k = 9, 2.5%), Complementary Therapies in Medicine (k = 8, 2.2%), the Indian Journal of Psychiatry (k = 8, 2.2%), the Journal of Yoga & Physical Therapy (k = 7, 1.9%), Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine (k = 6, 2.2%) and the Indian Journal of Medical Research (k = 6, 1.6%). Two journals published five articles, four journals published four articles, eight journals published three articles and 29 journals published two articles apiece. The remaining 147 journals each published a single paper. In total, 42 articles were published in yoga specialty journals, 58 articles in journals specialized on complementary therapies or integrative medicine, and 193 in other journals including major general medicine journals like Lancet (k = 2, 0.7%) [370, 429], JAMA (k = 1, 0.4%) [236], and Annals of Internal Medicine (k = 2, 0.7%) [425, 464]. Almost all articles were written in English (k = 359, 97.8%), with two each (0.5%) in Japanese and Chinese and one each (0.3%) in German, Polish, Portuguese and Farsi.
Year of publication. Numbers of publications between 1975 (year of first published RCT) and 2013 (last year completely covered by the literature search).
Participants
A total of 22,548 participants, from 23 different countries and five continents (Asia, North America, South America, Europe and Australia), took part in the 312 included RCTs (Figure 3). Study sample sizes ranged from 8–410 (median 59, IQR = 31, 93).
Origin of RCTs. Number of RCTs (not publications) classified according to country in descending order. Others = countries with just 1 RCT.
The proportion of female participants ranged from 0% (30 RCTs, 9.6%) to 100% (81 RCTs, 26.1%), with a median of 67.0% (IQR = 41.3%, 100.0%). Twenty-eight RCTs (9.0%) did not report the proportion of female participants. Most studies (264 RCTs, 84.6%) included adults (aged 18–64 years), with 169 of these enrolling only adults (54.2%). Children and/or adolescents (<18 years) were included in 31 RCTs (9.9%), with 26 (8.3%) of these enrolling only children. Older adults (≥65 years) participated in 105 RCTs (33.7%), with 14 (4.5%) of these enrolling only older adults.With regard to participants’ health, 84 RCTs (26.9%) were conducted only with healthy individuals. A further 23 RCTs (7.4%) included participants from the general population, or from subpopulations such as students or employees, without any specified medical conditions as inclusion criteria. The remaining trials included participants with 63 varied predefined medical or mental health conditions (Figure 4). The most common disease categories were neurological or psychiatric disorders with 59 RCTs on 21 different conditions; spinal pain or rheumatologic diseases (7 conditions, 25 RCTs); and cardiovascular or metabolic diseases (7 conditions, 39 RCTs).
Medical conditions. Number of RCTs classified according to condition in descending order. Others = conditions that were studied in just 1 or 2 RCT.
Interventions
Of the 312 included RCTs, 119 (38.1%) did not define the specific style of yoga used. Thirty-five studies (11.2%) stated that Hatha yoga was used; and 30 others (9.6%) noted that Pranayama or yoga breathing was used, but failing to mention a specific yoga tradition. Of the RCTs that did cite a specific yoga style or approach, Iyengar yoga (31 RCTs, 9.9%), the integrated approach to yoga (16 RCTs, 5.1%) and Sudarshan Kriya yoga (8 RCTs, 2.6%), appeared most often. The remaining 73 trials (23.4%) cited 43 different yoga traditions (Figure 5). Two hundred and forty-four RCTs (78.2%) included yoga postures in their yoga intervention; 232 RCTs (74.4%) included yogic breathing techniques; and 153 RCTs (49.0%) explicitly included meditation (mere relaxation was not counted as meditation). Lectures on yoga philosophy were included by 32 RCTs (10.3%). The reported yoga interventions ranged in length from 1 day (14 RCTs, 4.5%) to 1 year (4 RCT, 1.3%), with a median length of 9 weeks (IQR = 5, 12). Eight (50 RCTs, 16.0%) and twelve (68 RCTs, 21.8%) week programs were by far the most common.Most RCTs compared yoga to one control intervention (or multiple variants of the same control condition), but 62 trials (19.4%) specified two or more different control interventions. In total, 21 different categories of control interventions appeared. More than half of the reported trials cited usual care or no specific treatment as their controls (174 RCTs, 55.8%). Exercise (65 RCTs, 10.1%), other forms of yoga (24 RCTs, 7.7%), and interventions designed to control for the non-specific effects of yoga, such as increased attention by therapists and/or other participants, but without expected specific effects (19 RCTs, 6.1%), were the most commonly used active control conditions (Figure 6).
Yoga styles. Number of RCTs classified according to yoga style uses in the intervention. Others = yoga styles that were used in just 1 RCT.
Control interventions. Number of RCTs classified according to control intervention. Others = control interventions that were used in just 1 RCT.
Discussion
This bibliometric analysis of the totality of available randomized controlled yoga trials included 312 RCTs from 23 countries, conducted with a total of 22,548 participants. Whilst the earliest of these studies appeared in 1975, the vast majority were post-millennial. The years 2011 and 2012 proved particularly fruitful. Although there was a slight decrease in 2013, the total number of studies published in 2013 is still three times as high as in 2010; suggesting increasing research evidence for yoga in the future. Whether this really marks a trend towards researchers being increasingly intrinsically interested in yoga research or just a policy or funding change remains unclear.
In 2004, an earlier bibliometric analysis of all published yoga trials included 72 RCTs. More than half of these trials originated in India; more than twice as many trials as had then been conducted in the USA [9]. In contrast, the number of Indian and American RCTs in the present analysis was more balanced. Note should be taken, however, of the high number of duplicate Indian yoga publications; suggesting greater than actual Indian research activity. Such duplication increases the risk of falsely overestimating the available evidence for yoga’s effects considerably. This trend towards increased yoga research outside India is important, given previously-voiced concerns about the quality of Indian trials’ research methods and Indian journals’ peer review processes [9]. In addition, Indian yoga trial results may not apply fully to Western societies, as yoga is often seen as a spiritual intervention by Indian participants and as a sport or wellness intervention elsewhere [2, 3]. Systematic reviews also found that Indian yoga trials frequently use extremely time-consuming interventions that may not be feasible in Western participant samples [501]. Accordingly, all four trials with a 1-year intervention period included in this analysis were conducted in India. Trials conducted in the USA or Europe may apply more fully to participants from these cultural backgrounds, as a result.
The analyzed studies had a median of 59 participants, most of them female adults. About a third of these studies were conducted with healthy participants, or those not selected on the basis of their health status. The most commonly included conditions in the remaining RCTs were breast cancer, asthma, depression, type 2 diabetes mellitus, low back pain and hypertension. While this bibliometric analysis does not aim to gauge yoga’s effectiveness as an intervention it seems important to systematically assess the level of evidence provided by these RCTs. Accordingly, a recent meta-analysis included all available 14 RCTs on yoga for asthma. This meta-analysis found short-term beneficial effects on asthma symptoms and pulmonary function [502]. Although not all RCTs available to date were included, systematic reviews and meta-analyses also exist for breast cancer [503, 504], depression [505, 506], type 2 diabetes [507, 508], chronic low back pain [509, 510], hypertension [511–513], pregnancy [514], schizophrenia [515], menopausal symptoms [501, 516], multiple sclerosis [517], and others but not all of the more frequently studied conditions. E.g. to the best of our knowledge, no systematic review on yoga for overweight/obesity is available today. Other RCTs have investigated yoga’s effects in healthy participants, with some comparing different yoga forms [157, 279, 348, 379, 449, 450], the immediate effects of single yoga interventions [279, 379, 456] or the mechanisms by which yoga interventions might work [438]. Such RCTs may yield useful information about yoga’s effects and potential mechanisms also for patients with specific medical conditions.
This bibliometric analysis found that the available research evidence has continuously increased in the past years, especially in recent years, but more research is clearly needed. Whilst 26 medical conditions have appeared in one or two RCTs to date, only six have appeared in ten or more. Indeed, only 17, 14, and 14 RCTs have focused on breast cancer, asthma, and depression, respectively, the most commonly-studied conditions. Despite the fact that many of these studies have found positive effects, yoga research clearly remains limited for most conditions. Besides primary research, up-to-date systematic reviews and meta-analyses are needed at least for the most commonly studied conditions in order to evaluate the level of evidence and strength of recommendation for or against the use of yoga in each condition.
More than 40 different yoga styles were used in the analyzed RCTs. Whilst most trials included yoga postures and breathing, yoga meditation and philosophy were less often used. Yoga is, by definition, a multimodal practice [2, 3]. Although exercise is now often seen as yoga’s main component in Western society, meditation, breathing and lifestyle advice are all traditionally accounted at least equally important [3]. In gauging yoga’s effectiveness, it is important to note that studied interventions can range from the purely meditative to the purely physical in nature. The effects of such diverse interventions are hardly directly comparable, making research to determine the best balance for different medical conditions valuable.
Yoga is not a standardized intervention, nor is it likely (or arguably desirable) that it should become one. This diversity makes it challenging to convey the nature of ‘best’ practice for inclusion in medical guidelines or patient recommendations. The extent to which recent guidelines for designing yoga interventions [518] and control conditions [519] in clinical trials will increase the homogeneity of future research remains unclear. The above evidence suggests that future research might usefully explore the separate effects of yoga postures, breath control, meditation and lifestyle advice, to determine the best interventions for different medical conditions.
This bibliometric analysis has a number of limitations. Firstly, despite the rigorous literature search conducted, it is likely that some RCTs have been missed. Several Indian journals and in particular yoga specialty journals might not be indexed even in Indian medical databases [9]. Secondly, as yoga encompasses a wide variety of practices, borders are blurred between yoga and other, similar, interventions. For example, transcendental meditation is usually seen as distinct from yoga, but is actually based on yoga principles [520]. In the same way, mindfulness-based stress reduction uses yoga postures, but is not commonly seen as a yoga intervention [521]. The exclusion of such interventions from this analysis may, thus, be seen as arbitrary. Thirdly, outcome measures and length of follow-up for outcome assessment were not assessed in this analysis. Finally, this review did not evaluate yoga’s effectiveness or the included trials’ methodological quality. The mere existence of RCTs on a specific condition should not be misinterpreted as evidence of effectiveness in this condition. An in depth study of the located RCTs and – if available – systematic reviews on the effectiveness of these RCTs in a specific condition are necessary to judge the therapeutic value of yoga in this condition. An important next step would be to determine the methodological quality, i.e. risk of bias, nature of outcomes, etc., of the current body of RCTs.
Future yoga research should focus on investigating yoga’s efficacy and safety in conditions that have a major impact on society. Multiple RCTs on the same condition are needed in order to be able to conclusively evaluate its efficacy in this patient population. While it might sometimes be useful to separately publish multiple subanalyses or reanalyses on the same RCT, simply splitting up outcomes of a single RCT to several publications can be regarded as a violation of research ethics – especially if this practice is not disclosed in the respective publications. If a duplicate publication is considered necessary, the authors should disclose and justify this practice in all of the respective publications. Beyond further RCTs, up-to-date systematic reviews and meta-analyses are needed that consolidate the evidence of single RCTs. These reviews should strive to include the totality of available RCTs on a given condition; and probably also an assessment of whether the included RCTs meet recent guidelines for conducting yoga research [518, 519].
Conclusion
This bibliometric analysis presents the most complete up-to-date review of the randomized controlled yoga trials published to date, and can serve to inform patients, therapists, and researchers on the available yoga research evidence. The results show a marked rise in the number of such trials in recent years; based on research increasingly conducted outside India. For almost four decades, researchers have compared a range of diverse yoga interventions and control conditions, in varied participant samples. This research has had its limitations, with most trials being relatively small in size and failing to explore even common medical conditions frequently. However, this analysis suggests that yoga-based RCTs will increase, diversify and hopefully flourish in future years.
References
Iyengar BKS: Light on Yoga. 1966, New York: Schocken Books
Feuerstein G: The Yoga Tradition. 1998, Prescott: Hohm Press
De Michaelis E: A History of Modern Yoga: Patanjali and Western Esotericism. 2005, London, UK: Continuum International Publishing Group
Dangerfield A: Yoga wars. BBC news magazine. 2009, 23 January 2009. Available: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/7844691.stm. Accessed 20 February 2013
Macy D: Yoga journal releases 2008 “Yoga in America” market study. Yoga J . 2008, Available: http://www.yogajournal.com/advertise/press_releases/10. Accessed 20 February 2013
Barnes PM, Bloom B, Nahin RL: Complementary and alternative medicine use among adults and children: United States, 2007. Natl Health Stat Report. 2008, 12: 1-23.
Barnes PM, Powell-Griner E, McFann K, Nahin RL: Complementary and alternative medicine use among adults: United States, 2002. Adv Data. 2004, 343: 1-19.
NHS: Your health, your choices. A guide to yoga. 2013, Available: http://www.nhs.uk/livewell/fitness/pages/yoga.aspx. Accessed 20 February 2013
Khalsa SB: Yoga as a therapeutic intervention: a bibliometric analysis of published research studies. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2004, 48 (3): 269-285.
Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG: Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. BMJ. 2009, 339: b2535-
Higgins JPT, Green S: Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. 2008, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Ajaikumar BS, Raghavendra RM, Patil S, Ravi DB, Srinath SB, Gopinath KS, Nagarathna R: Antidepressant effects of a yoga program in breast cancer patients undergoing conventional treatment: a randomized controlled trial [abstract no. 9556]. J Clinical Oncol: ASCO annual meeting proceedings. 2008, 26: 515-
Annapoorna K, Latha KS, Bhat SM, Bhandary PV: Effectiveness of the practice of yoga therapy in anxiety disorders: a randomized controlled trial [conference abstract]. Asian J Psychiatry. 2011, 4 (Suppl 1): S45-
Baker J: Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Techniques and Yoga for treatment of urinary urge incontinence (MBSR-Yoga) (Trials Registry number: NCT01470560). 2011, (http://clinicaltrials.gov)
Blom K, Baker B, How M, Dai M, Abbey S, Myers M: Hypertension analysis of stress reduction using mindfulness meditation and yoga: Results from a randomized controlled trial [abstract]. Can J Cardiol. 2012, 28 (5 Suppl 1): S418-s419.
Blom KC, Baker B, Irvine J, Abbey S, Abramson B, Myers M, Perkins N, Tobe SW: The harmony study: hypertension analysis of stress reduction using mindfulness meditation and yoga. J Clin Hypertens. 2011, 13 (4 Suppl 1): A141-
Carei Tiffany R: Randomized controlled clinical trial of yoga in the treatment of eating disorders. Diss Abstr Int. 2008, 68 (8-b): 5560-
Cohen L, Chandwani K, Thornton B, Perkins G: Randomized trial of yoga in women with breast cancer undergoing radiation treatment. J Clin Oncol. 2006, 24 (18 Suppl): 469s-
Cohen L, Chandwani KD, Perkins G, Thornton B, Arun B, Raghuram NV, Nagendra HR: Randomized trial of yoga in women with breast cancer undergoing radiation treatment: Long-term effects [abstract no. 9639]. J Clinical Oncol: ASCO annual meeting proceedings. 2008, 26 (15S): 9639-
Innes K, Taylor TSGACBA, Hinton I: Effects of yoga on sleep, mood, and related outcomes in older women with restless legs syndrome: a nested randomized controlled trial (RCT) [abstract]. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2012, 12 (Suppl 1): O55-
Kalayil JA: A controlled comparison of progressive relaxation and yoga meditation as methods to relieve stress in middle grade school children. Diss Abstr Int. 1989, 49 (12): 3626-
LaCroix AZ, Sternfeld B, Caan B, Newton KM, Reed SD, Cohen L: Results from the MsFLASH randomized controlled trial of yoga, aerobic exercise & omega-3 supplementation for relief of vasomotor symptoms. Menopause (New York, NY). 2012, 19 (12): 1402-1403.
McDermott K: A pilot randomized controlled trial of yoga for prediabetes [abstract]. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2012, 12 (Suppl 1): P180-
Mustian KM, Sprod L, Peppone LJ, Mohile SG, Janelsins MC, Palesh O: Effect of YOCAS yoga on circadian rhythm, anxiety, and mood: A URCC CCOP randomized, controlled clinical trial among 410 cancer survivors [abstract]. J Clin Oncol. 2011, [abstracts of the ASCO annual meeting; 2011 jun 3–7; chicago, IL united states]
Sivaraman A: Yoga breathing exercise to reduce postoperative pulmonary complications in patients undergoing elective valve replacement for valvular heart disease: a randomized clinical trial. Heart Surgery Forum. 2010, 13 (Supplement 2): S83-
Wolfgang WJ, Mayer-Berger J, Kettner C, Pieper C, Marr A, Braeutigam U, Michalsen A, Moebus S: Randomized controlled trial of long-term use of yoga and progressive relaxation in cardiovascular rehabilitation. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2010, 17: S58-
Anderzen-Carlsson A, Persson Lundholm U, Kohn M, Westerdahl E: Medical yoga: another way of being in the world-a phenomenological study from the perspective of persons suffering from stress-related symptoms. Int J Qual Stud Health Well-being. 2014, 9: 23033-
Arya V, Gupta KA, Arya SV: Efficacy of bolus lukewarm saline and yoga postures as colonoscopy preparation: a pilot study. J Altern Complement Med. 2010, 16 (12): 1269-1277.
Badsha H, Chhabra V, Leibman C, Mofti A, Kong KO: The benefits of yoga for rheumatoid arthritis: results of a preliminary, structured 8-week program. Rheumatol Int. 2009, 29 (12): 1417-1421.
Bankar MA, Chaudhari SK, Chaudhari KD: Impact of long term Yoga practice on sleep quality and quality of life in the elderly. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2013, 4 (1): 28-32.
Bedekar N, Prabhu A, Shyam A, Sancheti K, Sancheti P: Comparative study of conventional therapy and additional yogasanas for knee rehabilitation after total knee arthroplasty. Int J Yoga. 2012, 5 (2): 118-122.
Berger DL, Silver EJ, Stein RE: Effects of yoga on inner-city children’s well-being: a pilot study. Altern Ther Health Med. 2009, 15 (5): 36-42.
Bernardi L, Sleight P, Bandinelli G, Cencetti S, Fattorini L, Wdowczyc-Szulc J, Lagi A: Effect of rosary prayer and yoga mantras on autonomic cardiovascular rhythms: Comparative study. Br Med J. 2001, 323 (7327): 1446-1449.
Bindal VD, Ghai GD: Comparative efficacy of selected physiotherapy treatment and yogic asanas on low back pain among male physical education students. J Exercise Science and Physiotherapy. 2007, 3 (2): 160-164.
Bosch PR, Traustadottir T, Howard P, Matt KS: Functional and physiological effects of yoga in women with rheumatoid arthritis: a pilot study. Altern Ther Health Med. 2009, 15 (4): 24-31.
Bukowski EL, Conway A, Glentz LA, Kurland K, Galantino ML: The effect of iyengar yoga and strengthening exercises for people living with osteoarthritis of the knee: a case series. Int Q Community Health Educ. 2006, 26 (3): 287-305.
Bulavin VV, Kliuzhev VM, Kliachkin LM, Lakshmankumar ZND, Vlasova TN: Elements of yoga therapy in the combined rehabilitation of myocardial infarct patients in the functional recovery period. Vopr Kurortol Fizioter Lech Fiz Kult. 1993, 4: 7-9.
Burkhart J, McKenna M, Hill J: Wiitm yoga Vs. A traditional exercise program. J Yoga Phys Ther. 2012, 2: 116-
Cadmus-Bertram L, Littman AJ, Ulrich CM, Stovall R, Ceballos RM, McGregor BA, Wang CY, Ramaprasad J, McTiernan A: Predictors of adherence to a 26-week viniyoga intervention among post-treatment breast cancer survivors. J Altern Complement Med. 2013, 19 (9): 751-758.
Cebria IIMD, Tortosa-Chulia MA, Igual-Camacho C, Sancho P, Galiana L, Tomas JM: Cost-consequence analysis of respiratory preventive intervention among institutionalized older people: randomized controlled trial. Rev Esp Geriatr Gerontol. 2014
Cheema BS, Marshall PW, Chang D, Colagiuri B, Machliss B: Effect of an office worksite-based yoga program on heart rate variability: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health. 2011, 11: 578-
Cheong KJ, Lim SA: Antioxidant effects of regular yoga training on the healthy university students controlled clinical trial. J Yoga Phys Ther. 2012, 2 (6): 127-
Chuang LH, Soares MO, Tilbrook H, Cox H, Hewitt CE, Aplin J, Semlyen A, Trewhela A, Watt I, Torgerson DJ: A pragmatic multicentered randomized controlled trial of yoga for chronic low back pain: economic evaluation. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2012, 37 (18): 1593-1601.
Chung SC, Brooks MM, Rai M, Balk JL, Rai S: Effect of Sahaja yoga meditation on quality of life, anxiety, and blood pressure control. J Altern Complement Med. 2012, 18 (6): 589-596.
Cohen L: Randomized controlled trial of yoga among a multiethnic sample of breast cancer patients: effects on quality of life. Breast Diseases. 2008, 19 (2): 129-
Coote S, Garrett M, Hogan N, Larkin A, Saunders J: Getting the balance right: a randomised controlled trial of physiotherapy and Exercise Interventions for ambulatory people with multiple sclerosis. BMC Neurol. 2009, 9: 34-
Cramer H, Lauche R, Haller H, Langhorst J, Dobos G, Berger B: "I'm more in balance": a qualitative study of yoga for patients with chronic neck pain. J Altern Complement Med. 2013, 19 (6): 536-542.
Cramer H, Lauche R, Hohmann C, Langhorst J, Dobos G: Yoga for chronic neck pain: a 12-month follow-up. Pain Med. 2013, 14 (4): 541-548.
Danhauer SC, Tooze JA, Farmer DF, Campbell CR, McQuellon RP, Barrett R, Miller BE: Restorative yoga for women with ovarian or breast cancer: findings from a pilot study. J Soc Integr Oncol. 2008, 6 (2): 47-58.
Dash M, Telles S: Yoga training and motor speed based on a finger tapping task. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 1999, 43 (4): 458-462.
Datey KK, Deshmukh SN, Dalvi CP, Vinekar SL: “Shavasan”: a yogic exercise in the management of hypertension. Angiology. 1969, 20 (6): 325-333.
de Godoy DV, Bringhenti RL, Severa A, de Gasperi R, Poli LV: Yoga versus aerobic activity: effects on spirometry results and maximal inspiratory pressure. J Bras Pneumol. 2006, 32 (2): 130-135.
Dhameja K, Singh S, Mustafa MD, Singh KP, Banerjee BD, Agarwal M, Ahmed RS: Therapeutic effect of yoga in patients with hypertension with reference to GST gene polymorphism. J Altern Complement Med. 2013, 19 (3): 243-249.
Dhananjai S, Sadashiv TS, Dutt K, Kumar R: Reducing psychological distress and obesity through Yoga practice. Int J Yoga. 2013, 6 (1): 66-70.
Dhikav V, Karmarkar G, Gupta M, Anand KS: Yoga in premature ejaculation: a comparative trial with fluoxetine. J Sex Med. 2007, 4 (6): 1726-1732.
do Rosario JL, Orcesi LS, Kobayashi FN, Aun AN, Diolindo Assumpcao IT, Blasioli GJ, Hanada ES: The immediate effects of modified Yoga positions on musculoskeletal pain relief. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2013, 17 (4): 469-474.
Donesky D, Melendez M, Nguyen HQ, Carrieri-Kohlman V: A responder analysis of the effects of yoga for individuals with COPD: who benefits and how?. Int J Yoga Therap. 2012, 22: 23-36.
Elavsky S, McAuley E: Lack of perceived sleep improvement after 4-month structured exercise programs. Menopause. 2007, 14 (3 Pt 1): 535-540.
Elavsky S, McAuley E: Personality, menopausal symptoms, and physical activity outcomes in middle-aged women. Pers Individ Dif. 2009, 46 (2): 123-128.
Fan JT, Chen KM: Using silver yoga exercises to promote physical and mental health of elders with dementia in long-term care facilities. Int Psychogeriatr. 2011, 23 (8): 1222-1230.
Fields KB: Effects of brief yoga exercises and motivational preparatory interventions in distance runners: results of a controlled trial: commentary. Br J Sports Med. 2006, 40 (1): 63-
Flegal KE, Kishiyama S, Zajdel D, Haas M, Oken BS: Adherence to yoga and exercise interventions in a 6-month clinical trial. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2007, 7: 37-
Garrett M, Hogan N, Larkin A, Saunders J, Jakeman P, Coote S: Exercise in the community for people with multiple sclerosis–a follow-up of people with minimal gait impairment. Mult Scler. 2013, 19 (6): 790-798.
Ghasemi GA, Golkar A, Marandi SM: Effects of hata yoga on knee osteoarthritis. Int J Prev Med. 2013, 4 (Suppl 1): S133-S138.
Goncalves LC, Vale RG, Barata NJ, Varejao RV, Dantas EH: Flexibility, functional autonomy and quality of life (QoL) in elderly yoga practitioners. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2011, 53 (2): 158-162.
Haslock I, Monro R, Nagarathna R, Nagendra HR, Raghuram NV: Measuring the effects of yoga in rheumatoid arthritis [3]. Br J Rheumatol. 1994, 33 (8): 787-788.
Hegde SV, Adhikari P, Kotian S, Pinto VJ, D’Souza S, D’Souza V: Effect of 3-month yoga on oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes with or without complications: A controlled clinical trial. Diabetes Care. 2011, 34 (10): 2208-2210.
Huang A: Lessening Incontinence by Learning Yoga (LILY) (Trials registry number: NCT01672190). ClinicalTrials gov. 2012,http://clinicaltrials.gov,
Johnson Premkumar C: Effect of selected hathayogic practices in enhancing kicking ability in soccer playing. J Exercise Sci Physiother. 2007, 3 (2): 168-170.
Kandula NR, Patel Y, Dave S, Seguil P, Kumar S, Baker DW, Spring B, Siddique J: The South Asian Heart Lifestyle Intervention (SAHELI) study to improve cardiovascular risk factors in a community setting: Design and methods. Contemp Clin Trials. 2013, 36 (2): 479-487.
Katzman MA, Vermani M, Gerbarg PL, Brown RP, Iorio C, Davis M, Cameron C, Tsirgielis D: A multicomponent yoga-based, breath intervention program as an adjunctive treatment in patients suffering from generalized anxiety disorder with or without comorbidities. Int J Yoga. 2012, 5 (1): 57-65.
Kauts A, Sharma N: Effect of yoga on academic performance in relation to stress. Int J Yoga. 2009, 2 (1): 39-43.
Khalsa SB, Butzer B, Shorter SM, Reinhardt KM, Cope S: Yoga reduces performance anxiety in adolescent musicians. Altern Ther Health Med. 2013, 19 (2): 34-45.
Khemka SS, Rao NH, Nagarathna R: Immediate effects of two relaxation techniques on healthy volunteers. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2009, 53 (1): 67-72.
Kjellgren A, Bood SA, Axelsson K, Norlander T, Saatcioglu F: Wellness through a comprehensive yogic breathing program - a controlled pilot trial. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2007, 7: 43-
Kochupillai V, Kumar P, Singh D, Aggarwal D, Bhardwaj N, Bhutani M, Das SN: Effect of rhythmic breathing (Sudarshan Kriya and Pranayam) on immune functions and tobacco addiction. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2005, 1056: 242-252.
Kyizom T, Singh S, Singh KP, Tandon OP, Kumar R: Effect of pranayama & yoga-asana on cognitive brain functions in type 2 diabetes-P3 event related evoked potential (ERP). Indian J Med Res. 2010, 131: 636-640.
Lakkireddy D, Atkins D, Pillarisetti J, Ryschon K, Bommana S, Drisko J, Vanga S, Dawn B: Effect of yoga on arrhythmia burden, anxiety, depression, and quality of life in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: the YOGA My Heart Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013, 61 (11): 1177-1182.
Loudon A, Barnett T, Piller N, Immink MA, Visentin D, Williams AD: The effect of yoga on women with secondary arm lymphoedema from breast cancer treatment. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2012, 12: 66-
Madanmohan MSK, Balakrishnan S, Gopalakrishnan M, Prakash ES: Effect of six weeks yoga training on weight loss following step test, respiratory pressures, handgrip strength and handgrip endurance in young healthy subjects. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2008, 52 (2): 164-170.
Madanmohan UK, Bhavanani AB, Vijayalakshmi P, Surendiran A: Effect of slow and fast pranayams on reaction time and cardiorespiratory variables. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2005, 49 (3): 313-318.
Mahapure HH, Shete SU, Bera TK: Effect of yogic exercise on super oxide dismutase levels in diabetics. Int J Yoga. 2008, 1 (1): 21-26.
Malathi A, Parulkar VG: Effect of yogasanas on the visual and auditory reaction time. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 1989, 33 (2): 110-112.
Malhotra V, Singh S, Singh KP, Gupta P, Sharma SB, Madhu SV, Tandon OP: Study of yoga asanas in assessment of pulmonary function in NIDDM patients. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2002, 46 (3): 313-320.
Malhotra V, Singh S, Tandon OP, Madhu SV, Prasad A, Sharma SB: Effect of Yoga asanas on nerve conduction in type 2 diabetes. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2002, 46 (3): 298-306.
Manjunath NK, Telles S: Spatial and verbal memory test scores following yoga and fine arts camps for school children. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2004, 48 (3): 353-356.
McIver S: Yoga may help manage binge eating disorder. Focus Altern Complement Ther. 2010, 15 (1): 43-44.
Mizuno J, Monteiro HL: An assessment of a sequence of yoga exercises to patients with arterial hypertension. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2013, 17 (1): 35-41.
Moemeni M, Iranshahi F, Ramezani N, Amirabadi F, Ghahri M: Effect of yoga training on attention and anxiety preschool children. Life Science J. 2012, 9 (2): 1133-1137.
Nambi GS, Shah AA: Additional effect of iyengar yoga and EMG biofeedback on pain and functional disability in chronic unilateral knee osteoarthritis. Int J Yoga. 2013, 6 (2): 123-127.
Narendran S, Nagarathna R, Gunasheela S, Nagendra HR: Efficacy of yoga in pregnant women with abnormal Doppler study of umbilical and uterine arteries. J Indian Med Assoc. 2005, 103 (1): 12-14. 16–17
Narendran S, Nagarathna R, Narendran V, Gunasheela S, Nagendra HR: Efficacy of yoga on pregnancy outcome. J Altern Complement Med. 2005, 11 (2): 237-244.
Naveen GH, Thirthalli J, Rao MG, Varambally S, Christopher R, Gangadhar BN: Positive therapeutic and neurotropic effects of yoga in depression: a comparative study. Indian J Psychiatry. 2013, 55 (Suppl 3): S400-S404.
Oken BS, Flegal K, Zajdel D, Kishiyama SS, Lovera J, Bagert B, Bourdette DN: Cognition and fatigue in multiple sclerosis: potential effects of medications with central nervous system activity. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2006, 43 (1): 83-90.
Park J, McCaffrey R: Chair yoga: benefits for community-dwelling older adults with osteoarthritis. J Gerontol Nurs. 2012, 38 (5): 12-22.
Phoosuwan M, Kritpet T, Yuktanandana P: The effects of weight bearing yoga training on the bone resorption markers of the postmenopausal women. J Med Assoc Thai. 2009, 92 (Suppl5): S102-S108.
Platania-Solazzo A, Field TM, Blank J, Seligman F, Kuhn C, Schanberg S, Saab P: Relaxation therapy reduces anxiety in child and adolescent psychiatric patients. Acta Paedopsychiatr. 1992, 55 (2): 115-120.
Sathyaprabha TN, Satishchandra P, Pradhan C, Sinha S, Kaveri B, Thennarasu K, Murthy BT, Raju TR: Modulation of cardiac autonomic balance with adjuvant yoga therapy in patients with refractory epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2008, 12 (2): 245-252.
Schell FJ, Allolio B, Schonecke OW: Physiological and psychological effects of Hatha-Yoga exercise in healthy women. Int J Psychosom. 1994, 41 (1–4): 46-52.
Schulz LH, Uyterhoeven S, Khalsa SB: Evaluation of a yoga program for back pain. J Yoga Phys Ther. 2011, 1: e103-
Sharma B, Misra R, Singh K, Archana RS: Comparative study of effect of anuloma-viloma (pranayam) and yogic asanas in premenstrual syndrome. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2013, 57 (4): 384-389.
Sherman KJ, Wellman RD, Cook AJ, Cherkin DC, Ceballos RM: Mediators of yoga and stretching for chronic low back pain. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013, 2013: 130818-
Singh S, Kyizom T, Singh KP, Tandon OP, Madhu SV: Influence of pranayamas and yoga-asanas on serum insulin, blood glucose and lipid profile in type 2 diabetes. Indian J Clin Biochem. 2008, 23 (4): 365-368.
Singh S, Malhotra V, Singh KP, Sharma SB, Madhu SV, Tandon OP: A preliminary report on the role of yoga asanas on oxidative stress in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Indian J Clin Biochem. 2001, 16 (2): 216-220.
Smith JA, Greer T, Sheets T, Watson S: Is there more to yoga than exercise?. Altern Ther Health Med. 2011, 17 (3): 22-29.
Stein KM, Weinberg J, Sherman KJ, Lemaster CM, Saper R: Participant characteristics associated with symptomatic improvement from yoga for chronic Low back pain. J Yoga Phys Ther. 2014, 4: 151-
Sun YC, Hung YC, Chang Y, Kuo SC: Effects of a prenatal yoga programme on the discomforts of pregnancy and maternal childbirth self-efficacy in Taiwan. Midwifery. 2010, 26 (6): e31-e36.
Sundar S, Agrawal SK, Singh VP, Bhattacharya SK, Udupa KN, Vaish SK: Role of yoga in management of essential hypertension. Acta Cardiol. 1984, 39 (3): 203-208.
Telles S, Gaur V, Balkrishna A: Effect of a yoga practice session and a yoga theory session on state anxiety. Percept Mot Skills. 2009, 109 (3): 924-930.
Telles S, Maharana K, Balrana B, Balkrishna A: Effects of high-frequency yoga breathing called kapalabhati compared with breath awareness on the degree of optical illusion perceived. Percept Mot Skills. 2011, 112 (3): 981-990.
Uthirapathy A: Influence of yogic practices and aerobic exercises on serum protein level. J Exercise Sci Physiother. 2007, 3 (2): 153-156.
Vadiraja HS, Rao MR, Nagarathna R, Nagendra HR, Rekha M, Vanitha N, Gopinath KS, Srinath BS, Vishweshwara MS, Madhavi YS, Ajaikumar BS, Bilimagga SR, Rao N: Yoga leads to improved QoL in breast cancer patients receiving radiotherapy. Focus Altern Complement Ther. 2010, 15 (2): 149-150.
West J, Otte C, Geher K, Johnson J, Mohr DC: Effects of Hatha yoga and African dance on perceived stress, affect, and salivary cortisol. Ann Behav Med. 2004, 28 (2): 114-118.
Wolff M, Sundquist K, Larsson LS, Midlov P: Impact of yoga on blood pressure and quality of life in patients with hypertension - a controlled trial in primary care, matched for systolic blood pressure. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2013, 13: 111-
Yogendra J, Yogendra HJ, Ambardekar S, Lele RD, Shetty S, Dave M, Husein N: Beneficial effects of yoga lifestyle on reversibility of ischaemic heart disease: caring heart project of International Board of Yoga. J Assoc Physicians India. 2004, 52: 283-289.
Blom K, Baker B, How M, Dai M, Irvine J, Abbey S, Abramson BL, Myers MG, Kiss A, Perkins NJ, Tobe SW: Hypertension analysis of stress reduction using mindfulness meditation and yoga: results from the harmony randomized controlled trial. Am J Hypertens. 2014, 27 (1): 122-129.
Cardozo B, Thakar AB, Skandhan KP: A clinical study on psyco-somatic management of shukraavrlta vata (premature ejaculation) with rasayana yoga and shirodhara. Ayu. 2006, 27 (4): 94-98.
Carlson LE, Doll R, Stephen J, Faris P, Tamagawa R, Drysdale E, Speca M: Randomized controlled trial of Mindfulness-based cancer recovery versus supportive expressive group therapy for distressed survivors of breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2013, 31 (25): 3119-3126.
Carlson LE, Speca M, Patel KD, Goodey E: Mindfulness-based stress reduction in relation to quality of life, mood, symptoms of stress and levels of cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) and melatonin in breast and prostate cancer outpatients. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2004, 29 (4): 448-474.
DeBar LL, Stevens VJ, Perrin N, Wu P, Pearson J, Yarborough BJ, Dickerson J, Lynch F: A primary care-based, multicomponent lifestyle intervention for overweight adolescent females. Pediatrics. 2012, 129 (3): e611-e620.
Dhamale M, Bhojani MK, Bhatted S, Dwivedi RR: Understanding and treating uchcha raktachapa (hypertension) in perspective of vidhishonitiya adhyaya of charaka samhita - a clinical review. Ayu. 2009, 30 (3): 284-294.
DiPietro L, Seeman TE, Stachenfeld NS, Katz LD, Nadel ER: Moderate-intensity aerobic training improves glucose tolerance in aging independent of abdominal adiposity. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1998, 46 (7): 875-879.
Duru OK, Sarkisian CA, Leng M, Mangione CM: Sisters in motion: a randomized controlled trial of a faith-based physical activity intervention. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2010, 58 (10): 1863-1869.
Jatuporn S, Sangwatanaroj S, Saengsiri AO, Rattanapruks S, Srimahachota S, Uthayachalerm W, Kuanoon W, Panpakdee O, Tangkijvanich P, Tosukhowong P: Short-term effects of an intensive lifestyle modification program on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant systems in patients with coronary artery disease. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc. 2003, 29 (3–4): 429-436.
Jellesma FC, Cornelis J: Mind magic: a pilot study of preventive mind-body-based stress reduction in behaviorally inhibited and activated children. J Holist Nurs. 2012, 30 (1): 55-62.
Khasky AD, Smith JC: Stress, relaxation states, and creativity. Percept Mot Skills. 1999, 88 (2): 409-416.
Kligler B, Homel P, Blank AE, Kenney J, Levenson H, Merrell W: Randomized trial of the effect of an integrative medicine approach to the management of asthma in adults on disease-related quality of life and pulmonary function. Altern Ther Health Med. 2011, 17 (1): 10-15.
Kulkarni PV, Chandola H: Evaluation of Stambhanakaraka Yoga and counseling in the management of Shukragata Vata (premature ejaculation). Ayu. 2013, 34 (1): 42-48.
Matsumoto M, Smith JC: Progressive muscle relaxation, breathing exercises, and ABC relaxation theory. J Clin Psychol. 2001, 57 (12): 1551-1557.
Ornish D, Lin J, Chan JM, Epel E, Kemp C, Weidner G, Marlin R, Frenda SJ, Magbanua MJM, Daubenmier J, Estay I, Hills NK, Chainani-Wu N, Carroll PR, Blackburn EH: Effect of comprehensive lifestyle changes on telomerase activity and telomere length in men with biopsy-proven low-risk prostate cancer: 5-year follow-up of a descriptive pilot study. Lancet Oncol. 2013, 14 (11): 1112-1120.
Pokladnikova J, Selke-Krulichova I: Effectiveness of a comprehensive lifestyle modification program for asthma patients: a randomized controlled pilot trial. J Asthma. 2013, 50 (3): 318-326.
Strijk JE, Proper KI, van der Beek AJ, van Mechelen W: A worksite vitality intervention to improve older workers’ lifestyle and vitality-related outcomes: results of a randomised controlled trial. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2012, 66 (11): 1071-1078.
Strijk JE, Proper KI, van Mechelen W, van der Beek AJ: Effectiveness of a worksite lifestyle intervention on vitality, work engagement, productivity, and sick leave: results of a randomized controlled trial. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2013, 39 (1): 66-75.
van Montfrans GA, Karemaker JM, Wieling W, Dunning AJ: Relaxation therapy and continuous ambulatory blood pressure in mild hypertension: a controlled study. BMJ. 1990, 300 (6736): 1368-1372.
Ades PA, Savage PD, Brochu M, Tischler MD, Lee NM, Poehlman ET: Resistance training increases total daily energy expenditure in disabled older women with coronary heart disease. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2005, 98 (4): 1280-1285.
Ades PA, Savage PD, Cress ME, Brochu M, Lee NM, Poehlman ET: Resistance training on physical performance in disabled older female cardiac patients. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003, 35 (8): 1265-1270.
Afonso RF, Hachul H, Kozasa EH, Oliveira Dde S, Goto V, Rodrigues D, Tufik S, Leite JR: Yoga decreases insomnia in postmenopausal women: a randomized clinical trial. Menopause. 2012, 19 (2): 186-193.
Agarwal BB, Sharma S, Gupta MK, Sarangi R, Mahajan KC: Can Yoga improve the outcome of surgery for haemorrhoids? A prospective randomized controlled study. J International Medical Sciences Academy. 2012, 25 (1): 43-46.
Agrawal RP, Aradhana HS, Beniwal R, Sabir M, Kochar DK, Kothari RP: Influence of yogic treatment on quality of life outcomes, glycemic control and risk factors in diabetes mellitus. International J Diabetes in Developing Countries. 2003, 23 (4): 130-134.
Ahmadi A, Arastoo AA, Nikbakht M, Zahednejad S, Rajabpour M: Comparison of the effect of 8 weeks aerobic and yoga training on ambulatory function, fatigue and mood status in MS patients. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2013, 15 (6): 449-454.
Ahmadi A, Nikbakh M, Arastoo A, Habibi AH: The Effects of a yoga intervention on balance, speed and endurance of walking, fatigue and quality of life in people with multiple sclerosis. J Human Kinetics. 2010, 23 (1): 71-78.
Amita S, Prabhakar S, Manoj I, Harminder S, Pavan T: Effect of yoga-nidra on blood glucose level in diabetic patients. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2009, 53 (1): 97-101.
Armstrong WJ, Scott Smedley JM: Effects of a home-based yoga exercise program on flexibility in older women. Clin Kinesiol. 2003, 57 (1): 1-6.
Aslan UB, Livanelioǧlu A: Effects of Hatha Yoga training on aerobic power and anaerobic power in healthy young adults. Fizyoterapi Rehabilitasyon. 2002, 13 (1): 24-30.
Attanayake AMP, Somarathna K, Vyas GH, Dash SC: Clinical evaluation of selected yogic procedures in individuals with low back pain. Ayu. 2010, 31 (2): 245-250.
Avis NE, Legault C, Russell G, Weaver K, Danhauer SC: Pilot study of integral yoga for menopausal hot flashes. Menopause. 2014, 21 (8): 846-854.
Bali Y, Ebnezar J: Efficacy of mind sound resonance technique in common neck pain. International J Res Ayurveda and Pharmacy. 2012, 3 (2): 227-232.
Banasik J, Williams H, Haberman M, Blank SE, Bendel R: Effect of Iyengar yoga practice on fatigue and diurnal salivary cortisol concentration in breast cancer survivors. J Am Acad Nurse Pract. 2011, 23 (3): 135-142.
Banerjee B, Vadiraj HS, Ram A, Rao R, Jayapal M, Gopinath KS, Ramesh BS, Rao N, Kumar A, Raghuram N, Hegde S, Nagendra HR, Prakash Hande M: Effects of an integrated yoga program in modulating psychological stress and radiation-induced genotoxic stress in breast cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy. Integr Cancer Ther. 2007, 6 (3): 242-250.
Behere RV, Arasappa R, Jagannathan A, Varambally S, Venkatasubramanian G, Thirthalli J, Subbakrishna DK, Nagendra HR, Gangadhar BN: Effect of yoga therapy on facial emotion recognition deficits, symptoms and functioning in patients with schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2011, 123 (2): 147-153.
Bellad AS, Goudar SS: Effect of yoga on motor performance of upper limbs among laboratory workers - Randomized controlled trial. Biomedicine (India). 2012, 32 (2): 222-227.
Bera TK, Rajapurkar MV: Body composition, cardiovascular endurance and anaerobic power of yogic practitioner. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 1993, 37 (3): 225-228.
Bernardi ML, Amorim MH, Zandonade E, Santaella DF, Barbosa JA: The effects of hatha yoga exercises on stress and anxiety levels in mastectomized women. Cien Saude Colet. 2013, 18 (12): 3621-3632.
Bhandari R, Singh VK: A research paper on “effect of yogic package on rheumatoid arthritis”. Indian J Biomechanics . 2009, Special Issue (NCBM 7-8 March 2009): 175-179. Special Issue(National Conference on Biomechanics 2009
Bhandari R, Acharya B, Katiyar VK: Corporate yoga and its implications. IFMBE Proc. 2010, 31: 290-293.
Bhat PS, Chopra V, Mehta SG, Srivastava K, Kumar SR, Prakash J: Psychological benefits of yoga in industrial workers. Ind Psychiatry J. 2012, 21 (2): 98-103.
Bhavanani AB, Udupa K, Madanmohan RP: A comparative study of slow and fast suryanamaskar on physiological function. Int J Yoga. 2011, 4 (2): 71-76.
Bhende AM, Zade SB, Sitre SR, Wasu YH: Effect of yogic practices on the management of hypertension in working women. International J Biomedical and Healthcare Sci. 2011, 1 (1): 1-7.
Bidwell AJ, Yazel B, Davin D, Fairchild TJ, Kanaley JA: Yoga training improves quality of life in women with asthma. J Altern Complement Med. 2012, 18 (8): 749-755.
Bilderbeck AC, Farias M, Brazil IA, Jakobowitz S, Wikholm C: Participation in a 10-week course of yoga improves behavioural control and decreases psychological distress in a prison population. J Psychiatr Res. 2013, 47 (10): 1438-1445.
Biswas D, Yeola M, Naik A: A study of Rajyoga meditation on quality of life of patients with fibroadenosis. J Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences University. 2012, 7 (4): 247-252.
Black DS, Cole SW, Irwin MR, Breen E, St Cyr NM, Nazarian N, Khalsa DS, Lavretsky H: Yogic meditation reverses NF-kappaB and IRF-related transcriptome dynamics in leukocytes of family dementia caregivers in a randomized controlled trial. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2012, 38 (3): 348-355.
Blank SE, Kittel J, Haberman MR: Active practice of Iyengar yoga as an intervention for breast cancer survivors. Int J Yoga Ther. 2003, 13: 51-59.
Blumenthal JA, Emery CF, Madden DJ, Coleman RE, Riddle MW, Schniebolk S, Cobb FR, Sullivan MJ, Higginbotham MB: Effects of exercise training on cardiorespiratory function in men and women older than 60 years of age. Am J Cardiol. 1991, 67 (7): 633-639.
Blumenthal JA, Emery CF, Madden DJ, George LK, Coleman RE, Riddle MW, McKee DC, Reasoner J, Williams RS: Cardiovascular and behavioral effects of aerobic exercise training in healthy older men and women. J Gerontol. 1989, 44 (5): M147-M157.
Blumenthal JA, Emery CF, Madden DJ, Schniebolk S, Riddle MW, Cobb FR, Higginbotham M, Coleman RE: Effects of exercise training on bone density in older men and women. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1991, 39 (11): 1065-1070.
Blumenthal JA, Emery CF, Madden DJ, Schniebolk S, Walsh-Riddle M, George LK, McKee DC, Higginbotham MB, Cobb FR, Coleman RE: Long-term effects of exercise on psychological functioning in older men and women. J Gerontol. 1991, 46 (6): 352-361.
Bock BC, Fava JL, Gaskins R, Morrow KM, Williams DM, Jennings E, Becker BM, Tremont G, Marcus BH: Yoga as a complementary treatment for smoking cessation in women. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2012, 21 (2): 240-248.
Bonura KB, Tenenbaum G: Effects of yoga on psychological health in older adults. J Phys Act Health. 2013
Bowden D, Gaudry C, An SC, Gruzelier J: A comparative randomised controlled trial of the effects of brain wave vibration training, iyengar yoga, and mindfulness on mood, well-being, and salivary cortisol. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012, 2012: 234713-
Bower JE, Garet D, Sternlieb B, Ganz PA, Irwin MR, Olmstead R, Greendale G: Yoga for persistent fatigue in breast cancer survivors: a randomized controlled trial. Cancer. 2012, 118 (15): 3766-3775.
Bowman AJ, Clayton RH, Murray A, Reed JW, Subhan MM, Ford GA: Effects of aerobic exercise training and yoga on the baroreflex in healthy elderly persons. Eur J Clin Invest. 1997, 27 (5): 443-449.
Brazier A, Mulkins A, Verhoef M: Evaluating a yogic breathing and meditation intervention for individuals living with HIV/AIDS. Am J Health Promot. 2006, 20 (3): 192-195.
Broota A, Dhir R: Eficacy of two relaxation techniques in depression. J Personal Clin Stud. 1990, 6 (1): 83-90.
Bryan S, Pinto Zipp G, Parasher R: The effects of yoga on psychosocial variables and exercise adherence: a randomized, controlled pilot study. Altern Ther Health Med. 2012, 18 (5): 50-59.
Butler LD, Waelde LC, Hastings TA, Chen XH, Symons B, Marshall J, Kaufman A, Nagy TF, Blasey CM, Seibert EO, Spiegel D: Meditation with yoga, group therapy with hypnosis, and psychoeducation for long-term depressed mood: a randomized pilot trial. J Clin Psychol. 2008, 64 (7): 806-820.
Cade WT, Reeds DN, Mondy KE, Overton ET, Grassino J, Tucker S, Bopp C, Laciny E, Hubert S, Lassa-Claxton S, Yarasheski KE: Yoga lifestyle intervention reduces blood pressure in HIV-infected adults with cardiovascular disease risk factors. HIV Med. 2010, 11 (6): 379-388.
Carei TR, Fyfe-Johnson AL, Breuner CC, Brown MA: Randomized controlled clinical trial of yoga in the treatment of eating disorders. J Adolesc Health. 2010, 46 (4): 346-351.
Carson JW, Carson KM, Jones KD, Bennett RM, Wright CL, Mist SD: A pilot randomized controlled trial of the Yoga of Awareness program in the management of fibromyalgia. Pain. 2010, 151 (2): 530-539.
Carson JW, Carson KM, Porter LS, Keefe FJ, Seewaldt VL: Yoga of Awareness program for menopausal symptoms in breast cancer survivors: results from a randomized trial. Support Care Cancer. 2009, 17 (10): 1301-1309.
Carter JJ, Gerbag PL, Brown RP, Ware RS, D’Ambrosio C, Anand L, Dirlea M, Vermani M, Katzman MA: Multi-component yoga breath program for Vietnam veteran post traumatic stress disorder: randomized controlled trial. J Traumat Stress Disord Treat. 2013, 2 (3): 57-65.
Cebria IIMD, Arnall DA, Igual Camacho C, Tomas JM: Effects of inspiratory muscle training and yoga breathing exercises on respiratory muscle function in institutionalized frail older adults: a randomized controlled trial. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2013, 37 (2): 65-75.
Chan W, Immink MA, Hillier S: Yoga and exercise for symptoms of depression and anxiety in people with poststroke disability: a randomized, controlled pilot trial. Altern Ther Health Med. 2012, 18 (3): 34-43.
Chandwani KD, Thornton B, Perkins GH, Arun B, Raghuram NV, Nagendra HR, Wei Q, Cohen L: Yoga improves quality of life and benefit finding in women undergoing radiotherapy for breast cancer. J Soc Integr Oncol. 2010, 8 (2): 43-55.
Chattha R, Nagarathna R, Padmalatha V, Nagendra HR: Effect of yoga on cognitive functions in climacteric syndrome: a randomised control study. BJOG. 2008, 115 (8): 991-1000.
Chattha R, Raghuram N, Venkatram P, Hongasandra NR: Treating the climacteric symptoms in Indian women with an integrated approach to yoga therapy: a randomized control study. Menopause. 2008, 15 (5): 862-870.
Chaya MS, Nagendra H, Selvam S, Kurpad A, Srinivasan K: Effect of yoga on cognitive abilities in schoolchildren from a socioeconomically disadvantaged background: a randomized controlled study. J Altern Complement Med. 2012, 18 (12): 1161-1167.
Cheema BS, Houridis A, Busch L, Raschke-Cheema V, Melville GW, Marshall PW, Chang D, Machliss B, Lonsdale C, Bowman J, Colagiuri B: Effect of an office worksite-based yoga program on heart rate variability: outcomes of a randomized controlled trial. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2013, 13: 82-
Chen KM, Chen MH, Chao HC, Hung HM, Lin HS, Li CH: Sleep quality, depression state, and health status of older adults after silver yoga exercises: cluster randomized trial. Int J Nurs Stud. 2009, 46 (2): 154-163.
Chen KM, Chen MH, Hong SM, Chao HC, Lin HS, Li CH: Physical fitness of older adults in senior activity centres after 24-week silver yoga exercises. J Clin Nurs. 2008, 17 (19): 2634-2646.
Chen KM, Chen MH, Lin MH, Fan JT, Lin HS, Li CH: Effects of yoga on sleep quality and depression in elders in assisted living facilities. J Nurs Res. 2010, 18 (1): 53-61.
Chen KM, Fan JT, Wang HH, Wu SJ, Li CH, Lin HS: Silver yoga exercises improved physical fitness of transitional frail elders. Nurs Res. 2010, 59 (5): 364-370.
Choudhary A, Mishra J: Effect of 16 weeks yogic intervention in premenstrual syndrome. International J Pharma and Bio Sci. 2013, 4 (1): B207-b212.
Choudhary R, Kulmatycki L, Meena TR: Trend of the effects of four varieties of yoga Bhastrika Pranayama on physical efficiency index. Archives of Budo. 2012, 8 (2): 117-124.
Chuntharapat S, Petpichetchian W, Hatthakit U: Yoga during pregnancy: effects on maternal comfort, labor pain and birth outcomes. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2008, 14 (2): 105-115.
Clark PG, Cortese-Jimenez G, Cohen E: Effects of Reiki, yoga, or meditation on the physical and psychological symptoms of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy: a randomized pilot study. J Evidence-Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012, 17 (3): 161-171.
Cohen BE, Chang AA, Grady D, Kanaya AM: Restorative yoga in adults with metabolic syndrome: a randomized, controlled pilot trial. Metab Syndr Relat Disord. 2008, 6 (3): 223-229.
Cohen DL, Bloedon LT, Rothman RL, Farrar JT, Galantino ML, Volger S, Mayor C, Szapary PO, Townsend RR: Iyengar yoga versus enhanced usual care on blood pressure in patients with prehypertension to stage I hypertension: a randomized controlled trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2011, 2011: 546428-
Cohen L, Warneke C, Fouladi RT, Rodriguez MA, Chaoul-Reich A: Psychological adjustment and sleep quality in a randomized trial of the effects of a Tibetan yoga intervention in patients with lymphoma. Cancer. 2004, 100 (10): 2253-2260.
Colgrove YS: Effect of yoga on motor function in people with Parkinson’s disease: a randomized, controlled pilot study. J Yoga Phys Ther. 2012, 2 (2): 112-
Cooper S, Oborne J, Newton S, Harrison V, Thompson Coon J, Lewis S, Tattersfield A: Effect of two breathing exercises (Buteyko and pranayama) in asthma: a randomised controlled trial. Thorax. 2003, 58 (8): 674-679.
Cox H, Tilbrook H, Aplin J, Semlyen A, Torgerson D, Trewhela A, Watt I: A randomised controlled trial of yoga for the treatment of chronic low back pain: results of a pilot study. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2010, 16 (4): 187-193.
Cramer H, Lauche R, Hohmann C, Ludtke R, Haller H, Michalsen A, Langhorst J, Dobos G: Randomized-controlled trial comparing yoga and home-based exercise for chronic neck pain. Clin J Pain. 2013, 29 (3): 216-223.
Culos-Reed SN, Carlson LE, Daroux LM, Hately-Aldous S: A pilot study of yoga for breast cancer survivors: physical and psychological benefits. Psychooncology. 2006, 15 (10): 891-897.
Culos-Reed SN ECL, Daroux LM, Hately-Aldous S: Discovering the physical and psychological benefits of yoga for cancer survivors. Int J Yoga Therap. 2004, 14: 45-52.
Cusumano JA, Robinson SE: The short-term psychophysiological effects of hatha yoga and progressive relaxation on female Japanese students. Appl Psychol. 1992, 42: 77-90.
da Silva GD, Lorenzi-Filho G, Lage LV: Effects of yoga and the addition of Tui Na in patients with fibromyalgia. J Altern Complement Med. 2007, 13 (10): 1107-1113.
Danhauer SC, Mihalko SL, Russell GB, Campbell CR, Felder L, Daley K, Levine EA: Restorative yoga for women with breast cancer: findings from a randomized pilot study. Psychooncology. 2009, 18 (4): 360-368.
Deshpande C, Rakshani A, Nagarathna R, Ganpat T, Kurpad A, Maskar R, Nagendra H, Sudheer D, Abbas R, Raghuram N, Anura K, Rita M, Ramarao N: Yoga for high-risk pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Med Health Sci Res. 2013, 3 (3): 341-344.
Deshpande S, Nagendra HR, Raghuram N: A randomized control trial of the effect of yoga on gunas (personality) and health in normal healthy volunteers. Int J Yoga. 2008, 1 (1): 2-10.
Deshpande S, Nagendra HR, Raghuram N: A randomized control trial of the effect of yoga on verbal aggressiveness in normal healthy volunteers. Int J Yoga. 2008, 1 (2): 76-82.
Deshpande S, Nagendra HR, Raghuram N: A randomized control trial of the effect of yoga on gunas (personality) and self esteem in normal healthy volunteers. Int J Yoga. 2009, 2 (1): 13-21.
Dhruva A, Miaskowski C, Abrams D, Acree M, Cooper B, Goodman S, Hecht FM: Yoga breathing for cancer chemotherapy-associated symptoms and quality of life: results of a pilot randomized controlled trial. J Altern Complement Med. 2012, 18 (5): 473-479.
Donesky-Cuenco D, Nguyen HQ, Paul S, Carrieri-Kohlman V: Yoga therapy decreases dyspnea-related distress and improves functional performance in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a pilot study. J Altern Complement Med. 2009, 15 (3): 225-234.
Donohue B, Miller A, Beisecker M, Houser D, Valdez R, Tiller S, Taymar T: Effects of brief yoga exercises and motivational preparatory interventions in distance runners: results of a controlled trial. Br J Sports Med. 2006, 40 (1): 60-63.
Doulatabad SN, Nooreyan K, Doulatabad AN, Noubandegani ZM: The effects of pranayama, hatha and raja yoga on physical pain and the quality of life of women with multiple sclerosis. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med. 2012, 10 (1): 49-52.
Duraiswamy G, Thirthalli J, Nagendra HR, Gangadhar BN: Yoga therapy as an add-on treatment in the management of patients with schizophrenia–a randomized controlled trial. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2007, 116 (3): 226-232.
Ebnezar J, Nagarathna R, Bali Y, Nagendra HR: Effect of an integrated approach of yoga therapy on quality of life in osteoarthritis of the knee joint: a randomized control study. Int J Yoga. 2011, 4 (2): 55-63.
Ebnezar J, Nagarathna R, Yogitha B, Nagendra HR: Effects of an integrated approach of hatha yoga therapy on functional disability, pain, and flexibility in osteoarthritis of the knee joint: a randomized controlled study. J Altern Complement Med. 2012, 18 (5): 463-472.
Ebnezar J, Nagarathna R, Yogitha B, Nagendra HR: Effect of integrated yoga therapy on pain, morning stiffness and anxiety in osteoarthritis of the knee joint: a randomized control study. Int J Yoga. 2012, 5 (1): 28-36.
Ebnezar J, Yogitha B: Effectiveness of yoga therapy with the therapeutic exercises on walking pain, tenderness. Early morning stiffness and disability in osteoarthritis of the knee joint - a comparative study. Yoga & Physical Therapy. 2012, 2: 114-
Elavsky S, McAuley E: Exercise and self-esteem in menopausal women: a randomized controlled trial involving walking and yoga. Am J Health Promot. 2007, 22 (2): 83-92.
Elavsky S, McAuley E: Physical activity and mental health outcomes during menopause: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Behav Med. 2007, 33 (2): 132-142.
Elibero A, Janse Van Rensburg K, Drobes DJ: Acute effects of aerobic exercise and Hatha yoga on craving to smoke. Nicotine Tob Res. 2011, 13 (11): 1140-1148.
Emery CF, Blumenthal JA: Perceived change among participants in an exercise program for older adults. Gerontologist. 1990, 30 (4): 516-521.
Evans S, Moieni M, Lung K, Tsao J, Sternlieb B, Taylor M, Zeltzer L: Impact of iyengar yoga on quality of life in young women with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin J Pain. 2013, 29 (11): 988-997.
Field T, Diego M, Delgado J, Medina L: Yoga and social support reduce prenatal depression. Anxiety and cortisol. J Yoga Phys Ther. 2012, 2: 124-
Field T, Diego M, Delgado J, Medina L: Yoga and social support reduce prenatal depression, anxiety and cortisol. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2013, 17 (4): 397-403.
Field T, Diego M, Delgado J, Medina L: Tai chi/yoga reduces prenatal depression, anxiety and sleep disturbances. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2013, 19 (1): 6-10.
Field T, Diego M, Hernandez-Reif M, Medina L, Delgado J, Hernandez A: Yoga and massage therapy reduce prenatal depression and prematurity. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2012, 16 (2): 204-209.
Fluge T, Richter J, Fabel H, Zysno E, Weller E, Wagner TOF: Long-term effects of breathing exercises and yoga in patients suffering from bronchial asthma. Pneumologie. 1994, 48 (7): 484-490.
Franzblau SH, Echevarria S, Smith M, Van Cantfort TE: A preliminary investigation of the effects of giving testimony and learning yogic breathing techniques on battered women’s feelings of depression. J Interpers Violence. 2008, 23 (12): 1800-1808.
Galantino ML, Bzdewka TM, Eissler-Russo JL, Holbrook ML, Mogck EP, Geigle P, Farrar JT: The impact of modified Hatha yoga on chronic low back pain: a pilot study. Altern Ther Health Med. 2004, 10 (2): 56-59.
Gangadhar BN, Naveen GH, Rao MG, Thirthalli J, Varambally S: Positive antidepressant effects of generic yoga in depressive out-patients: A comparative study. Indian J Psychiatry. 2013, 55 (Suppl 3): S369-S373.
Garfinkel MS, Schumacher HR, Husain A, Levy M, Reshetar RA: Evaluation of a yoga based regimen for treatment of osteoarthritis of the hands. J Rheumatol. 1994, 21 (12): 2341-2343.
Garfinkel MS, Singhal A, Katz WA, Allan DA, Reshetar R, Schumacher HR: Yoga-based intervention for carpal tunnel syndrome: a randomized trial. JAMA. 1998, 280 (18): 1601-1603.
Garrett M, Hogan N, Larkin A, Saunders J, Jakeman P, Coote S: Exercise in the community for people with minimal gait impairment due to MS: an assessor-blind randomized controlled trial. Mult Scler. 2013, 19 (6): 782-789.
Ghoncheh S, Smith JC: Progressive muscle relaxation, yoga stretching, and ABC relaxation theory. J Clin Psychol. 2004, 60 (1): 131-136.
Gopal A, Mondal S, Gandhi A, Arora S, Bhattacharjee J: Effect of integrated yoga practices on immune responses in examination stress - a preliminary study. Int J Yoga. 2011, 4 (1): 26-32.
Gopinathan G, Dhiman KS, Manjusha R: A clinical study to evaluate the efficacy of Trataka Yoga Kriya and eye exercises (non-pharmocological methods) in the management of Timira (Ammetropia and Presbyopia). Ayu. 2012, 33 (4): 543-546.
Gordon L, McGrowder DA, Pena YT, Cabrera E, Lawrence-Wright M: Effect of exercise therapy on lipid parameters in patients with end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis. J Lab Physicians. 2012, 4 (1): 17-23.
Gordon L, McGrowder DA, Pena YT, Cabrera E, Lawrence-Wright MB: Effect of yoga exercise therapy on oxidative stress indicators with end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis. Int J Yoga. 2013, 6 (1): 31-38.
Gordon L, Morrison EY, McGrowder D, Penas YF, Zamoraz EM, Garwood D, Alexander-Lindo R, Irving R: Effect of yoga and traditional physical exercise on hormones and percentage insulin binding receptor in patients with type 2 diabetes. Am J Biochem Biotechnol. 2008, 4 (1): 35-42.
Gordon L, Morrison EY, McGrowder DA, Young R, Garwood D, Zamora E, Alexander-Lindo RL, Irving R, Perez Sanz EC: Changes in clinical and metabolic parameters after exercise therapy in patents with type 2 diabetes. Arch Med Sci. 2008, 4 (4): 427-437.
Gordon LA, Morrison EY, McGrowder DA, Young R, Fraser YT, Zamora EM, Alexander-Lindo RL, Irving RR: Effect of exercise therapy on lipid profile and oxidative stress indicators in patients with type 2 diabetes. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2008, 8: 21-
Göring A, Möllenbeck D, Schwarz G: The influence of dynamic yoga styles on spinal flexibility. Zum einfuss dynamischer yogaformen auf die wirbelsäulenbeweglichkeit. 2013, 64 (9): 280-283.
Gosewade NB, Shende VS, Kashalikar SJ: Effect of various Eye exercise techniques along with pranayama on visual reaction time: a case control study. J Clin Diagn Res. 2013, 7 (9): 1870-1873.
Gould LF, Dariotis JK, Mendelson T, Greenberg MT: A school-based mindfulness intervention for urban youth: Exploring moderators of intervention effects. J Community Psychol. 2012, 40 (8): 968-982.
Granath J, Ingvarsson S, von Thiele U, Lundberg U: Stress management: a randomized study of cognitive behavioural therapy and yoga. Cogn Behav Ther. 2006, 35 (1): 3-10.
Greendale GA, Huang MH, Karlamangla AS, Seeger L, Crawford S: Yoga decreases kyphosis in senior women and men with adult-onset hyperkyphosis: results of a randomized controlled trial. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2009, 57 (9): 1569-1579.
Gupta SS, Sawane MV: A comparative study of the effects of yoga and swimming on pulmonary functions in sedentary subjects. Int J Yoga. 2012, 5 (2): 128-133.
Haber D: Yoga as a preventive health care program for white and black elders: an exploratory study. Int J Aging Hum Dev. 1983, 17 (3): 169-176.
Haffner J, Roos J, Goldstein N, Parzer P, Resch F: The effectiveness of body-oriented methods of therapy in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): results of a controlled pilot study. Z Kinder Jugendpsychiatr Psychother. 2006, 34 (1): 37-47.
Hagins M, Haden SC, Daly LA: A randomized controlled trial on the effects of yoga on stress reactivity in 6th grade students. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013, 2013: 607134-
Hagins M, Rundle A, Consedine NS, Khalsa SB: A randomized controlled trial comparing the effects of yoga with an active control on ambulatory blood pressure in individuals with prehypertension and stage 1 hypertension. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2014, 16 (1): 54-62.
Harbans S, Anjali S, Smita J: Comparative clinical evaluation of the antidyslipidaemic effects of lashunadi compound and yogic exercises in patients of metabolic syndrome. Indian J Tradit Knowl. 2011, 10 (4): 651-656.
Hari Krishna B, Pal P, Pal GK, Balachander J, Jayasettiaseelon E, Sreekanth Y, Sridhar MG, Gaur GS: Effect of yoga therapy on heart rate, blood pressure and cardiac autonomic function in heart failure. J Clin Diagnostic Res. 2014, 8 (1): 14-16.
Harinath K, Malhotra AS, Pal K, Prasad R, Kumar R, Kain TC, Rai L, Sawhney RC: Effects of Hatha yoga and Omkar meditation on cardiorespiratory performance, psychologic profile, and melatonin secretion. J Altern Complement Med. 2004, 10 (2): 261-268.
Hariprasad VR, Koparde V, Sivakumar PT, Varambally S, Thirthalli J, Varghese M, Basavaraddi IV, Gangadhar BN: Randomized clinical trial of yoga-based intervention in residents from elderly homes: Effects on cognitive function. Indian J Psychiatry. 2013, 55 (Suppl 3): S357-S363.
Hariprasad VR, Sivakumar PT, Koparde V, Varambally S, Thirthalli J, Varghese M, Basavaraddi IV, Gangadhar BN: Effects of yoga intervention on sleep and quality-of-life in elderly: A randomized controlled trial. Indian J Psychiatry. 2013, 55 (Suppl 3): S364-S368.
Hart CE, Tracy BL: Yoga as steadiness training: effects on motor variability in young adults. J Strength Cond Res. 2008, 22 (5): 1659-1669.
Hartfiel N, Burton C, Rycroft-Malone J, Clarke G, Havenhand J, Khalsa SB, Edwards RT: Yoga for reducing perceived stress and back pain at work. Occup Med (Lond). 2012, 62 (8): 606-612.
Hartfiel N, Havenhand J, Khalsa SB, Clarke G, Krayer A: The effectiveness of yoga for the improvement of well-being and resilience to stress in the workplace. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2011, 37 (1): 70-76.
Hegde SV, Adhikari P, Shetty S, Manjrekar P, D’Souza V: Effect of community-based yoga intervention on oxidative stress and glycemic parameters in prediabetes: a randomized controlled trial. Complement Ther Med. 2013, 21 (6): 571-576.
Hogan N, Kehoe M, Larkin A, Coote S: The effect of community exercise interventions for people with MS Who Use bilateral support for gait. Mult Scler Int. 2014, 2014: 109142-
Hovsepian V, Marandi SM, Kelishadi R, Zahed A: A comparison between yoga and aerobic training effects on pulmonary function tests and physical fitness parameters. Pakistan J Med Sci. 2013, 29 (1 SUPPL.): 317-320.
Huang FJ, Chien DK, Chung UL: Effects of Hatha yoga on stress in middle-aged women. J Nurs Res. 2013, 21 (1): 59-66.
Ide MR, Laurindo IMM, Rodrigues-Junior AL, Tanaka C: Effect of aquatic respiratory exercise-based program in patients with fibromyalgia. Int J Rheum Dis. 2008, 11: 131-140.
Ikai S, Uchida H, Suzuki T, Tsunoda K, Mimura M, Fujii Y: Effects of yoga therapy on postural stability in patients with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders: a single-blind randomized controlled trial. J Psychiatr Res. 2013, 47 (11): 1744-1750.
Innes KE, Selfe TK: The effects of a gentle yoga program on sleep, mood, and blood pressure in older women with Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS): a preliminary randomized controlled trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012, 2012: 294058-
Innes KE, Selfe TK, Alexander GK, Taylor AG: A new educational film control for use in studies of active mind-body therapies: acceptability and feasibility. J Altern Complement Med. 2011, 17 (5): 453-458.
Janakiramaiah N, Gangadhar BN, Naga Venkatesha Murthy PJ, Harish MG, Subbakrishna DK, Vedamurthachar A: Antidepressant efficacy of Sudarshan Kriya Yoga (SKY) in melancholia: a randomized comparison with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and imipramine. J Affect Disord. 2000, 57 (1–3): 255-259.
Javadekar P, Manjunath NK: Effect of Surya namaskar on sustained attention in school children. J Yoga Phys Ther. 2012, 2: 110-
Javnbakht M, Hejazi Kenari R, Ghasemi M: Effects of yoga on depression and anxiety of women. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2009, 15 (2): 102-104.
Jayaram N, Varambally S, Behere RV, Venkatasubramanian G, Arasappa R, Christopher R, Gangadhar BN: Effect of yoga therapy on plasma oxytocin and facial emotion recognition deficits in patients of schizophrenia. Indian J Psychiatry. 2013, 55 (Suppl 3): S409-S413.
Jayashree R, Malini A, Rakhshani A, Nagendra H, Gunasheela S, Nagarathna R: Effect of the integrated approach of yoga therapy on platelet count and uric acid in pregnancy: a multicenter stratified randomized single-blind study. Int J Yoga. 2013, 6 (1): 39-46.
Jensen PS, Kenny DT: The effects of yoga on the attention and behavior of boys with Attention-Deficit/hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). J Atten Disord. 2004, 7 (4): 205-216.
John PJ, Sharma N, Sharma CM, Kankane A: Effectiveness of yoga therapy in the treatment of migraine without aura: a randomized controlled trial. Headache. 2007, 47 (5): 654-661.
Joshi M, Telles S: Immediate effects of right and left nostril breathing on verbal and spatial scores. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2008, 52 (2): 197-200.
Joshi S, Khandwe R, Bapat D, Deshmukh U: Effect of yoga on menopausal symptoms. Menopause Int. 2011, 17 (3): 78-81.
Joshi VS, Bellad AS: Effect of yogic exercises on symptoms of musculoskeletal disorders of upper limbs among computer users: a randomised controlled trial. Indian J Med Sci. 2011, 65 (10): 424-428.
Jyotsna VP, Ambekar S, Singla R, Joshi A, Dhawan A, Kumar N, Deepak KK, Sreenivas V: Cardiac autonomic function in patients with diabetes improves with practice of comprehensive yogic breathing program. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2013, 17 (3): 480-485.
Jyotsna VP, Joshi A, Ambekar S, Kumar N, Dhawan A, Sreenivas V: Comprehensive yogic breathing program improves quality of life in patients with diabetes. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2012, 16 (3): 423-428.
Kanaya AM, Araneta MR, Pawlowsky SB, Barrett-Connor E, Grady D, Vittinghoff E, Schembri M, Chang A, Carrion-Petersen ML, Coggins T, Tanori D, Armas JM, Cole RJ: Restorative yoga and metabolic risk factors: The Practicing Restorative Yoga vs. Stretching for the Metabolic Syndrome (PRYSMS) randomized trial. J Diabetes Complications. 2013, 28 (3): 406-412.
Kannappan R, Lakshmi Bai R: Efficacy of yoga: cognitive and human relationship training for correcting maladjustment behaviour in deviant school boys. J Indian Academy of Applied Psychology. 2008
Kanojia S, Kumar Sharma V, Gandhi A, Kapoor R, Kukreja A, Kumar Subramanian S: Effect of yoga on autonomic functions and psychological status during both phases of menstrual cycle in young healthy females. J Clinical and Diagnostic Res. 2013, 7 (10): 2133-2139.
Katiyar SK, Bihari S: Role of pranayama in the rehabilitation of COPD patients - a randomized controlled study. Indian J Allergy and Appl mmun. 2006, 20 (2): 98-104.
Kerr D, Gillam E, Ryder J, Trowbridge S, Cavan D, Thomas P: An eastern art form for a western disease: randomised controlled trial of yoga in patients with poorly controlled insulin-treated diabetes. Practical Diabetes International. 2002, 19 (6): 164-166.
Khalsa SB, Shorter SM, Cope S, Wyshak G, Sklar E: Yoga ameliorates performance anxiety and mood disturbance in young professional musicians. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2009, 34 (4): 279-289.
Khalsa SBS, Hickey-Schultz L, Cohen D, Steiner N, Cope S: Evaluation of the mental health benefits of yoga in a secondary school: A preliminary randomized controlled trial. J Behav Health Serv Res. 2012, 39 (1): 80-90.
Khatri D, Mathur KC, Gahlot S, Jain S, Agrawal RP: Effects of yoga and meditation on clinical and biochemical parameters of metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2007, 78 (3): e9-e10.
Khumar SS, Kaur P, Kaur S: Effectiveness of shavasana on depression among university students. Indian J Clin Psychol. 1993, 20 (2): 82-87.
Kim HN, Ryu J, Kim KS, Song SW: Effects of yoga on sexual function in women with metabolic syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. J Sex Med. 2013, 10 (11): 2741-2751.
Kim S, Bemben MG, Bemben DA: Effects of an 8-month yoga intervention on arterial compliance and muscle strength in premenopausal women. J Sports Sci Med. 2012, 11 (2): 322-330.
Kinser PA, Bourguignon C, Whaley D, Hauenstein E, Taylor AG: Feasibility, acceptability, and effects of gentle hatha yoga for women with major depression: findings from a randomized controlled mixed-methods study. Arch Psychiatr Nurs. 2013, 27 (3): 137-147.
Köhn M, Persson Lundholm U, Bryngelsson IL, Anderzén-Carlsson A, Westerdahl E: Medical yoga for patients with stress-related symptoms and diagnoses in primary health care: a randomized controlled trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013, 2013: 215348-
Kovacic T, Kovacic M: Impact of relaxation training according to Yoga In Daily Life(R) system on self-esteem after breast cancer surgery. J Altern Complement Med. 2011, 17 (12): 1157-1164.
Kovacic T, Kovacic M: Impact of relaxation training according to Yoga In Daily Life(R) system on perceived stress after breast cancer surgery. Integr Cancer Ther. 2011, 10 (1): 16-26.
Kovacic T, Zagoricnik M, Kovacic M: Impact of relaxation training according to the Yoga In Daily Life(R) system on anxiety after breast cancer surgery. J Complement Integr Med. 2013, 10 (1): 153-164.
Kozasa EH, Santos RF, Rueda AD, Benedito-Silva AA, De Ornellas FL, Leite JR: Evaluation of Siddha Samadhi Yoga for anxiety and depression symptoms: a preliminary study. Psychol Rep. 2008, 103 (1): 271-274.
Krishnamurthy M, Telles S: Effects of Yoga and an Ayurveda preparation on gait, balance and mobility in older persons. Med Sci Monit. 2007, 13 (12): LE19-LE20.
Kröner-Herwig B, Hebing G, Van Rijn-Kalkmann U, Frenzel A, Schilkowsky G, Esser G: The management of chronic tinnitus - Comparison of a cognitive-behavioural group training with yoga. J Psychosom Res. 1995, 39 (2): 153-165.
Kulmatycki L: Yoga and progressive relaxation for anxiety and tension reduction. SENSE. 2012, 2 (2): 93-102.
Kulmatycki L, BurzyÅ„ski Z: Yoga nidra and Benson’s meditative relaxation and anxiety level, anger and depression emotions. Postepy Rehabilitacji. 2007, 21 (3): 23-28.
Kumar N, Bhatnagar S, Velpandian T, Patnaik S, Menon G, Mehta M, Kashyap K, Surajpal SV: Randomized controlled trial in advance stage breast cancer patients for the effectiveness on stress marker and pain through Sudarshan Kriya and Pranayam. Indian J Palliative Care. 2013, 19 (3): 180-185.
Kuttner L, Chambers CT, Hardial J, Israel DM, Jacobson K, Evans K: A randomized trial of yoga for adolescents with irritable bowel syndrome. Pain Res Manag. 2006, 11 (4): 217-223.
Latha E, Kaliappan KV: Yoga, pranayama and thermal biofeedback techniques in the mangement of stress and high blood pressure. J Ind Psych. 1991, 9: 36-46.
Lavretsky H, Epel ES, Siddarth P, Nazarian N, Cyr NS, Khalsa DS, Lin J, Blackburn E, Irwin MR: A pilot study of yogic meditation for family dementia caregivers with depressive symptoms: effects on mental health, cognition, and telomerase activity. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2013, 28 (1): 57-65.
Lee JA, Kim JW, Kim DY: Effects of yoga exercise on serum adiponectin and metabolic syndrome factors in obese postmenopausal women. Menopause. 2012, 19 (3): 296-301.
Littman AJ, Bertram LC, Ceballos R, Ulrich CM, Ramaprasad J, McGregor B, McTiernan A: Randomized controlled pilot trial of yoga in overweight and obese breast cancer survivors: effects on quality of life and anthropometric measures. Support Care Cancer. 2012, 20 (2): 267-277.
Lu C, Wang B: A study on effects of aerobics combined with yoga exercise on physical training. Chinese J Rehabil Med. 2007, 22 (10): 885-887.
Lundgren T, Dahl J, Yardi N, Melin L: Acceptance and commitment therapy and yoga for drug-refractory epilepsy: a randomized controlled trial. Epilepsy Behav. 2008, 13 (1): 102-108.
Madden DJ, Blumenthal JA, Allen PA, Emery CF: Improving aerobic capacity in healthy older adults does not necessarily lead to improved cognitive performance. Psychol Aging. 1989, 4 (3): 307-320.
Mahajan AS, Reddy KS, Sachdeva U: Lipid profile of coronary risk subjects following yogic lifestyle intervention. Indian Heart J. 1999, 51 (1): 37-40.
Malathi A, Damodaran A: Stress due to exams in medical students–role of yoga. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 1999, 43 (2): 218-224.
Malathi A, Damodaran A, Shah N, Krishnamurthy G, Namjoshi P, Ghodke S: Psychophysiological changes at the time of examination in medical students before and after the practice of yoga and relaxation. Indian J Psychiatry. 1998, 40 (1): 35-40.
Mamidi P, Gupta K: Efficacy of certain yogic and naturopathic procedures in premature ejaculation: a pilot study. Int J Yoga. 2013, 6 (2): 118-122.
Manchanda SC: Reversal of early atherosclerosis in metabolic syndrome by yoga – a randomized controlled trial. J Yoga Phys Ther. 2013, 3 (1): 132-
Manchanda SC, Narang R, Reddy KS, Sachdeva U, Prabhakaran D, Dharmanand S, Rajani M, Bijlani R: Retardation of coronary atherosclerosis with yoga lifestyle intervention. J Assoc Physicians India. 2000, 48 (7): 687-694.
Mandanmohan JL, Udupa K, Bhavanani AB: Effect of yoga training on handgrip, respiratory pressures and pulmonary function. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2003, 47 (4): 387-392.
Manjunath N, Telles S: Influence of Yoga and Ayurveda on the measures of Gait, Balance and mobility in a geriatric population. Med Sci Monit. 2007, 13 (12): LE19-LE20.
Manjunath NK, Telles S: Improved performance in the Tower of London test following yoga. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2001, 45 (3): 351-354.
Manjunath NK, Telles S: Influence of Yoga and Ayurveda on self-rated sleep in a geriatric population. Indian J Med Res. 2005, 121 (5): 683-690.
Manjunath NK, Telles S: Yoga for healthy aging. SENSE. 2012, 2 (2): 32-41.
Manjunath RB, Varambally S, Thirthalli J, Basavaraddi IV, Gangadhar BN: Efficacy of yoga as an add-on treatment for in-patients with functional psychotic disorder. Indian J Psychiatry. 2013, 55 (Suppl 3): S374-S378.
Manocha R, Black D, Sarris J, Stough C: A randomized, controlled trial of meditation for work stress, anxiety and depressed mood in full-time workers. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2011, 2011: 960583-
Manocha R, Marks GB, Kenchington P, Peters D, Salome CM: Sahaja yoga in the management of moderate to severe asthma: a randomised controlled trial. Thorax. 2002, 57 (2): 110-115.
Marefat M, Peymanzad H, Alikhajeh Y: The study of the effects of yoga exercises on addicts’ depression and anxiety in rehabilitation period. Procedia Social and Behavioral Science. 2011, 30: 1494-1498.
Markil N, Whitehurst M, Jacobs PL, Zoeller RF: Yoga Nidra relaxation increases heart rate variability and is unaffected by a prior bout of Hatha yoga. J Altern Complement Med. 2012, 18 (10): 953-958.
Martins RF, Pinto E, Silva JL: Treatment of pregnancy-related lumbar and pelvic girdle pain by the yoga method: a randomized controlled study. J Altern Complement Med. 2014, 20 (1): 24-31.
McCaffrey R, Ruknui P, Hatthakit U, Kasetsomboon P: The effects of yoga on hypertensive persons in Thailand. Holist Nurs Pract. 2005, 19 (4): 173-180.
McIver S, O’Halloran P, McGartland M: Yoga as a treatment for binge eating disorder: a preliminary study. Complement Ther Med. 2009, 17 (4): 196-202.
Mekonnen D, Mossie A: Clinical effects of yoga on asthmatic patients: a preliminary clinical trial. Ethiop J Health Sci. 2010, 20 (2): 107-112.
Mendelson T, Greenberg MT, Dariotis JK, Gould LF, Rhoades BL, Leaf PJ: Feasibility and preliminary outcomes of a school-based mindfulness intervention for urban youth. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2010, 38 (7): 985-994.
Michalsen A, Jeitler M, Brunnhuber S, Lüdtke R, Büssing A, Musial F, Dobos G, Kessler C: Iyengar yoga for distressed women: A 3-armed randomized controlled trial. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2012, 2012: 408727-
Michalsen A, Traitteur H, Lüdtke R, Brunnhuber S, Meier L, Jeitler M, Büssing A, Kessler C: Yoga for chronic neck pain: a pilot randomized controlled clinical trial. J Pain. 2012, 13 (11): 1122-1130.
Mitchell KS, Mazzeo SE, Rausch SM, Cooke KL: Innovative interventions for disordered eating: evaluating dissonance-based and yoga interventions. Int J Eat Disord. 2007, 40 (2): 120-128.
Moadel AB, Shah C, Wylie-Rosett J, Harris MS, Patel SR, Hall CB, Sparano JA: Randomized controlled trial of yoga among a multiethnic sample of breast cancer patients: effects on quality of life. J Clin Oncol. 2007, 25 (28): 4387-4395.
Monika SU, Ghildiyal A, Kala S, Srivastava N: Effect of Yoga Nidra on physiological variables in patients of menstrual disturbances of reproductive age group. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2012, 56 (2): 161-167.
Monro R, Power J, Coumar A, Nagarathna R, Dandona P: Yoga therapy for NIDDM: a controlled trial. Complementary Medical Research. 1992, 6 (2): 66-68.
Mourya M, Mahajan AS, Singh NP, Jain AK: Effect of slow- and fast-breathing exercises on autonomic functions in patients with essential hypertension. J Altern Complement Med. 2009, 15 (7): 711-717.
Murugesan R, Govindarajulu N, Bera TK: Effect of selected yogic practices on the management of hypertension. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2000, 44 (2): 207-210.
Mustian KM, Sprod LK, Janelsins M, Peppone LJ, Palesh OG, Chandwani K, Reddy PS, Melnik MK, Heckler C, Morrow GR: Multicenter, randomized controlled trial of yoga for sleep quality among cancer survivors. J Clin Oncol. 2013, 31 (26): 3233-3241.
Nagamatsu T, Kai Y, Kitabatake Y, Sensui H, Miyoshi Y: Effect of low intensity stretch exercise training program on sleep in middle-aged female workers. Bull Phys Fit Res Inst. 2008, 106: 1-8.
Nagamatsu T, Kitabatake Y, Sensui H: Effect of brief and low-intensity stretch exercise on core temperature, stress, and mood. Bull Phys Fit Res Inst. 2012, 110: 1-7.
Nagarathna R, Nagendra HR: Yoga for bronchial asthma: a controlled study. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1985, 291 (6502): 1077-1079.
Nagarathna R, Usharani MR, Rao AR, Chaku R, Kulkarni R, Nagendra HR: Efficacy of yoga based life style modification program on Medication score and lipid profile in type 2 diabetes-a randomized control study. Int J Diabetes in Developing Countries. 2012, 32 (3): 122-130.
Naveen KV, Nagarathna R, Nagendra HR, Telles S: Yoga breathing through a particular nostril increases spatial memory scores without lateralized effects. Psychol Rep. 1997, 81 (2): 555-561.
Nemati A: The effect of pranayama on test anxiety and test performance. Int J Yoga. 2013, 6 (1): 55-60.
Newton KM, Reed SD, Guthrie KA, Sherman KJ, Booth-Laforce C, Caan B, Sternfeld B, Carpenter JS, Learman LA, Freeman EW, Cohen LS, Joffe H, Anderson GL, Larson JC, Hunt JR, Ensrud KE, LaCroix AZ: Efficacy of yoga for vasomotor symptoms: a randomized controlled trial. Menopause. 2014, 21 (4): 339-346.
Nidhi R, Padmalatha V, Nagarathna R, Amritanshu R: Effect of holistic yoga program on anxiety symptoms in adolescent girls with polycystic ovarian syndrome: A randomized control trial. Int J Yoga. 2012, 5 (2): 112-117.
Nidhi R, Padmalatha V, Nagarathna R, Amritanshu R: Effect of yoga program on quality of life in adolescent polycystic ovarian syndrome: a randomized control trial. Appl Res Qual Life. 2012, 8: 373-383.
Nidhi R, Padmalatha V, Nagarathna R, Amritanshu R: Effects of a holistic yoga program on endocrine parameters in adolescents with polycystic ovarian syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. J Altern Complement Med. 2013, 19 (2): 153-160.
Nidhi R, Padmalatha V, Nagarathna R, Ram A: Effect of a yoga program on glucose metabolism and blood lipid levels in adolescent girls with polycystic ovary syndrome. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2012, 118 (1): 37-41.
Noggle JJ, Steiner NJ, Minami T, Khalsa SBS: Benefits of yoga for psychosocial well-being in a us high school curriculum: a preliminary randomized controlled trial. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2012, 33 (3): 193-201.
Norton GR, Johnson WE: A comparison of two relaxation procedures for reducing cognitive and somatic anxiety. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 1983, 14 (3): 209-214.
Ohja K: A case study: investigation of Yoga’s potential to treat breast cancer survivors facing cancer related fatigue. J Yoga Phys Ther. 2012, 2 (5): 125-
Oken BS, Kishiyama S, Zajdel D, Bourdette D, Carlsen J, Haas M, Hugos C, Kraemer DF, Lawrence J, Mass M: Randomized controlled trial of yoga and exercise in multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2004, 62 (11): 2058-2064.
Oken BS, Zajdel D, Kishiyama S, Flegal K, Dehen C, Haas M, Kraemer DF, Lawrence J, Leyva J: Randomized, controlled, six-month trial of yoga in healthy seniors: effects on cognition and quality of life. Altern Ther Health Med. 2006, 12 (1): 40-47.
Oswal P, Nagarathna R, Ebnezar J, Nagendra HR: The effect of add-on yogic prana energization technique (YPET) on healing of fresh fractures: a randomized control study. J Altern Complement Med. 2011, 17 (3): 253-258.
Paikkatt B, Singh AR, Singh PK, Jahan M: Efficacy of yoga therapy on subjective well-being and basic living skills of patients having chronic schizophrenia. Ind Psychiatry J. 2012, 21 (2): 109-114.
Pal A, Srivastava N, Narain VS, Agrawal GG, Rani M: Effect of yogic intervention on the autonomic nervous system in the patients with coronary artery disease: a randomized controlled trial. East Mediterr Health J. 2013, 19 (5): 452-458.
Pal A, Srivastava N, Tiwari S, Verma NS, Narain VS, Agrawal GG, Natu SM, Kumar K: Effect of yogic practices on lipid profile and body fat composition in patients of coronary artery disease. Complement Ther Med. 2011, 19 (3): 122-127.
Pal GK, Madanmohan VS: Effect of short-term practice of breathing exercises on autonomic functions in normal human volunteers. Indian J Med Res. 2004, 120 (2): 115-121.
Panjwani U, Gupta HL, Singh SH, Selvamurthy W, Rai UC: Effect of Sahaja yoga practice on stress management in patients of epilepsy. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 1995, 39 (2): 111-116.
Panjwani U, Selvamurthy W, Singh SH, Gupta HL, Mukhopadhyay S, Thakur L: Effect of Sahaja yoga meditation on auditory evoked potentials (AEP) and visual contrast sensitivity (VCS) in epileptics. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2000, 25 (1): 1-12.
Panjwani U, Selvamurthy W, Singh SH, Gupta HL, Thakur L, Rai UC: Effect of Sahaja yoga practice on seizure control & EEG changes in patients of epilepsy. Indian J Med Res. 1996, 103: 165-172.
Park J, McCaffrey R, Dunn D, Goodman R: Managing osteoarthritis: comparisons of chair yoga, Reiki, and education (pilot study). Holist Nurs Pract. 2011, 25 (6): 316-326.
Patel C: Yoga and biofeedback in the management of hypertension. J Psychosom Res. 1975, 19 (5–6): 355-360.
Patel C, North WR: Randomised controlled trial of yoga and bio feedback in management of hypertension. Lancet. 1975, 2 (7925): 93-95.
Pomykala KL, Silverman DH, Geist CL, Voege P, Siddarth P, Nazarian N, Cyr NMS, Khalsa DS, Lavretsky H: A pilot study of the effects of meditation on regional brain metabolism in distressed dementia caregivers. Aging Health. 2012, 8 (5): 509-516.
Prem V, Sahoo RC, Adhikari P: Comparison of the effects of Buteyko and pranayama breathing techniques on quality of life in patients with asthma - a randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2013, 27 (2): 133-141.
Pruthi S, Stan DL, Jenkins SM, Huebner M, Borg BA, Thomley BS, Cutshall SM, Singh R, Kohli S, Boughey JC, Lemaine V, Nes LS: A Randomized controlled pilot study assessing feasibility and impact of yoga practice on quality of life, mood, and perceived stress in women with newly diagnosed breast cancer. Global Advances In Health and Medicine. 2012, 1 (5): 30-35.
Pullen PR, Nagamia SH, Mehta PK, Thompson WR, Benardot D, Hammoud R, Parrott JM, Sola S, Khan BV: Effects of yoga on inflammation and exercise capacity in patients with chronic heart failure. J Card Fail. 2008, 14 (5): 407-413.
Pullen PR, Thompson WR, Benardot D, Brandon LJ, Mehta PK, Rifai L, Vadnais DS, Parrott JM, Khan BV: Benefits of yoga for African American heart failure patients. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2010, 42 (4): 651-657.
Raghavendra BR: Effects of yoga on natural killer cell counts in early breast cancer patients undergoing conventional treatment. Med Sci Monit. 2008, 14 (2): LE3-LE4.
Raghavendra RM, Nagarathna R, Nagendra HR, Gopinath KS, Srinath BS, Ravi BD, Patil S, Ramesh BS, Nalini R: Effects of an integrated yoga programme on chemotherapy-induced nausea and emesis in breast cancer patients. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl). 2007, 16 (6): 462-474.
Raghuraj P, Telles S: Muscle power, dexterity skill and visual perception in community home girls trained in yoga or sports and in regular school girls. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 1997, 41 (4): 409-415.
Raghuraj P, Telles S: Immediate effect of specific nostril manipulating yoga breathing practices on autonomic and respiratory variables. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2008, 33 (2): 65-75.
Rahnama N, Namazizadeh M, Etemadifar M, Bambaeichi E, Arbabzadeh S, Sadeghipour HR: Effects of yoga on depression in women with multiple sclerosis. J Isfahan Medical School. 2011, 29 (136): 1-
Rakhshaee Z: Effect of three yoga poses (cobra, cat and fish poses) in women with primary dysmenorrhea: a randomized clinical trial. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 2011, 24 (4): 192-196.
Rakhshani A, Maharana S, Raghuram N, Nagendra HR, Venkatram P: Effects of integrated yoga on quality of life and interpersonal relationship of pregnant women. Qual Life Res. 2010, 19 (10): 1447-1455.
Rakhshani A, Nagarathna R, Mhaskar R, Mhaskar A, Thomas A, Gunasheela S: The effects of yoga in prevention of pregnancy complications in high-risk pregnancies: a randomized controlled trial. Prev Med. 2012, 55 (4): 333-340.
Rani K, Tiwari S, Singh U, Agrawal G, Ghildiyal A, Srivastava N: Impact of Yoga Nidra on psychological general wellbeing in patients with menstrual irregularities: A randomized controlled trial. Int J Yoga. 2011, 4 (1): 20-25.
Rani K, Tiwari S, Singh U, Singh I, Srivastava N: Yoga Nidra as a complementary treatment of anxiety and depressive symptoms in patients with menstrual disorder. Int J Yoga. 2012, 5 (1): 52-56.
Rani K, Tiwari SC, Singh U, Agrawal GG, Srivastava N: Six-month trial of yoga nidra in menstrual disorder patients: effects on somatoform symptoms. Ind Psychiatry J. 2011, 20 (2): 97-102.
Rani M, Singh U, Agrawal GG, Natu SM, Kala S, Ghildiyal A, Srivastava N: Impact of Yoga Nidra on menstrual abnormalities in females of reproductive age. J Altern Complement Med. 2013, 19 (12): 925-929.
Ranjbar F, Broomand M, Akbarzadeh A: The effect of yoga on anxiety symptoms in women with obsessive compulsive disorder. Life Science J. 2013, 10 (4): 565-568.
Rao MR, Raghuram N, Nagendra HR, Gopinath KS, Srinath BS, Diwakar RB, Patil S, Bilimagga SR, Rao N, Varambally S: Anxiolytic effects of a yoga program in early breast cancer patients undergoing conventional treatment: a randomized controlled trial. Complement Ther Med. 2009, 17 (1): 1-8.
Rao RM, Nagendra HR, Raghuram N, Vinay C, Chandrashekara S, Gopinath KS, Srinath BS: Influence of yoga on mood states, distress, quality of life and immune outcomes in early stage breast cancer patients undergoing surgery. Int J Yoga. 2008, 1 (1): 11-20.
Rao RM, Nagendra HR, Raghuram N, Vinay C, Chandrashekara S, Gopinath KS, Srinath BS: Influence of yoga on postoperative outcomes and wound healing in early operable breast cancer patients undergoing surgery. Int J Yoga. 2008, 1 (1): 33-41.
Rawal SB, Singh MV, Tyagi AK, Selvamurthy W, Chaudhuri BN: Effect of yogic exercises on thyroid function in subjects resident at sea level upon exposure to high altitude. Int J Biometeorol. 1994, 38 (1): 44-47.
Ray US, Hegde KS, Selvamurthy W: Improvement in muscular efficiency as related to a standard task after yogic exercises in middle aged men. Indian J Med Res. 1986, 83: 343-348.
Ray US, Mukhopadhyaya S, Purkayastha SS, Asnani V, Tomer OS, Prashad R, Thakur L, Selvamurthy W: Effect of yogic exercises on physical and mental health of young fellowship course trainees. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2001, 45 (1): 37-53.
Ray US, Sinha B, Tomer OS, Pathak A, Dasgupta T, Selvamurthy W: Aerobic capacity & perceived exertion after practice of Hatha yogic exercises. Indian J Med Res. 2001, 114: 215-221.
Reed SD, Guthrie KA, Newton KM, Anderson GL, Booth-Laforce C, Caan B, Carpenter JS, Cohen LS, Dunn AL, Ensrud KE, Freeman EW, Hunt JR, Joffe H, Larson JC, Learman LA, Rothenberg R, Seguin RA, Sherman KJ, Sternfeld BS, LaCroix AZ: RCT of yoga, exercise, and omega-3 supplements. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2014, 210 (3): 244.e1-11-
Rohini V, Pandey RS, Janakiramaiah N, Gangadhar BN, Vedamurthachar A: A comparative study of full and partial Sudarshan Kriya Yoga (SKY) in major depressive disorder. NIMHANS J. 2000, 18: 53-57.
Sabina AB, Williams AL, Wall HK, Bansal S, Chupp G, Katz DL: Yoga intervention for adults with mild-to-moderate asthma: a pilot study. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2005, 94 (5): 543-548.
Sakuma Y, Sasaki-Otomaru A, Ishida S, Kanoya Y, Arakawa C, Mochizuki Y, Seiishi Y, Sato C: Effect of a home-based simple yoga program in child-care workers: a randomized controlled trial. J Altern Complement Med. 2012, 18 (8): 769-776.
Sanjay US, Kulkarni DD, Thakur GS: Effect оf Yoga Practices оn HS-CRP in Indian Railway Engine Drivers of Metropolis. SENSE. 2012, 2 (2): 79-86.
Santaella DF, Devesa CR, Rojo MR, Amato MB, Drager LF, Casali KR, Montano N, Lorenzi-Filho G: Yoga respiratory training improves respiratory function and cardiac sympathovagal balance in elderly subjects: a randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open. 2011, 1 (1): e000085-
Saper RB, Boah AR, Keosaian J, Cerrada C, Weinberg J, Sherman KJ: Comparing once- versus twice-weekly yoga classes for chronic Low back pain in predominantly Low income minorities: a randomized dosing trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013, 2013: 658030-
Saper RB, Sherman KJ, Cullum-Dugan D, Davis RB, Phillips RS, Culpepper L: Yoga for chronic low back pain in a predominantly minority population: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Altern Ther Health Med. 2009, 15 (6): 18-27.
Saptharishi L, Soudarssanane M, Thiruselvakumar D, Navasakthi D, Mathanraj S, Karthigeyan M, Sahai A: Community-based randomized controlled trial of Non-pharmacological interventions in prevention and control of hypertension among young adults. Indian J Community Med. 2009, 34 (4): 329-334.
Sareen S, Kumari V, Gajebasia KS, Gajebasia NK: Yoga: a tool for improving the quality of life in chronic pancreatitis. World J Gastroenterol. 2007, 13 (3): 391-397.
Satyapriya M, Nagarathna R, Padmalatha V, Nagendra HR: Effect of integrated yoga on anxiety, depression & well being in normal pregnancy. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2013, 19 (4): 230-236.
Satyapriya M, Nagendra HR, Nagarathna R, Padmalatha V: Effect of integrated yoga on stress and heart rate variability in pregnant women. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2009, 104 (3): 218-222.
Saxena T, Saxena M: The effect of various breathing exercises (pranayama) in patients with bronchial asthma of mild to moderate severity. Int J Yoga. 2009, 2 (1): 22-25.
Schmid AA, Van Puymbroeck M, Altenburger PA, Schalk NL, Dierks TA, Miller KK, Damush TM, Bravata DM, Williams LS: Poststroke balance improves with yoga: a pilot study. Stroke. 2012, 43 (9): 2402-2407.
Sendhilkumar R, Gupta A, Nagarathna R, Taly AB: Effect of pranayama and meditation as an add-on therapy in rehabilitation of patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome–a randomized control pilot study. Disabil Rehabil. 2013, 35 (1): 57-62.
Seo DY, Lee S, Figueroa A, Kim HK, Baek YH, Kwak YS, Kim N, Choi TH, Rhee BD, Ko KS, Park BJ, Park SY, Han J: Yoga training improves metabolic parameters in obese boys. Korean J Physiol Pharmacol. 2012, 16 (3): 175-180.
Shaffer HJ, LaSalvia TA, Stein JP: Comparing Hatha yoga with dynamic group psychotherapy for enhancing methadone maintenance treatment: a randomized clinical trial. Altern Ther Health Med. 1997, 3 (4): 57-66.
Shahab L, Sarkar BK, West R: The acute effects of yogic breathing exercises on craving and withdrawal symptoms in abstaining smokers. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2013, 225 (4): 875-882.
Shahidi M, Mojtahed A, Modabbernia A, Mojtahed M, Shafiabady A, Delavar A, Honari H: Laughter yoga versus group exercise program in elderly depressed women: a randomized controlled trial. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2011, 26 (3): 322-327.
Shankarapillai R, Nair MA, George R: The effect of yoga in stress reduction for dental students performing their first periodontal surgery: A randomized controlled study. Int J Yoga. 2012, 5 (1): 48-51.
Shannahoff-Khalsa DS, Ray LE, Levine S, Gallen CC, Schwartz BJ, Sidorowich JJ: Randomized controlled trial of yogic meditation techniques for patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. CNS Spectr. 1999, 4 (12): 34-47.
Shantakumari N, Sequeira S, El deeb R: Effects of a yoga intervention on lipid profiles of diabetes patients with dyslipidemia. Indian Heart J. 2013, 65 (2): 127-131.
Sharma VK, Das S, Mondal S, Goswami U: Comparative effect of Sahaj Yoga on EEG in patients of major depression and healthy subjects. Biomedicine. 2007, 27 (3): 95-99.
Sharma VK, Das S, Mondal S, Goswami U: Effect of Sahaj yoga on autonomic functions in healthy subjects and patients of major depression. Biomedicine. 2008, 28 (2): 139-141.
Sharma VK, Das S, Mondal S, Goswami U, Gandhi A: Effect of Sahaj Yoga on neuro-cognitive functions in patients suffering from major depression. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2006, 50 (4): 375-383.
Sharma VK, Das S, Mondal S, Goswampi U, Gandhi A: Effect of Sahaj Yoga on depressive disorders. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2005, 49 (4): 462-468.
Sharma VK, Rajajeyakumar M, Velkumary S, Subramanian SK, Bhavanani AB, Madanmohan SA, Thangavel D: Effect of fast and slow pranayama practice on cognitive functions in healthy volunteers. J Clinical and Diagnostic Res. 2014, 8 (1): 10-13.
Sharma VK, Trakroo M, Subramaniam V, Rajajeyakumar M, Bhavanani AB, Sahai A: Effect of fast and slow pranayama on perceived stress and cardiovascular parameters in young health-care students. Int J Yoga. 2013, 6 (2): 104-110.
Shelov DV, Suchday S, Friedberg JP: A pilot study measuring the impact of yoga on the trait of mindfulness. Behav Cogn Psychother. 2009, 37 (5): 595-598.
Sherman KJ, Cherkin DC, Erro J, Miglioretti DL, Deyo RA: Comparing yoga, exercise, and a self-care book for chronic low back pain: a randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 2005, 143 (12): 849-856.
Sherman KJ, Cherkin DC, Wellman RD, Cook AJ, Hawkes RJ, Delaney K, Deyo RA: A randomized trial comparing yoga, stretching, and a self-care book for chronic low back pain. Arch Intern Med. 2011, 171 (22): 2019-2026.
Siedentopf F, Utz-Billing I, Gairing S, Schoenegg W, Kentenich H, Kollak I: Yoga for patients with early breast cancer and its impact on quality of life - a randomized controlled trial. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd. 2013, 73 (4): 311-317.
Singh S, Soni R, Singh KP, Tandon OP: Effect of yoga practices on pulmonary function tests including transfer factor of lung for carbon monoxide (TLCO) in asthma patients. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2012, 56 (1): 63-68.
Singh V, Wisniewski A, Britton J, Tattersfield A: Effect of yoga breathing exercises (pranayama) on airway reactivity in subjects with asthma. Lancet. 1990, 335 (8702): 1381-1383.
Singh VK, Bhandari RB, Rana BB: Effect of yogic package on rheumatoid arthritis. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2011, 55 (4): 329-335.
Skoro-Kondza L, Tai SS, Gadelrab R, Drincevic D, Greenhalgh T: Community based yoga classes for type 2 diabetes: an exploratory randomised controlled trial. BMC Health Serv Res. 2009, 9: 33-
Smith C, Hancock H, Blake-Mortimer J, Eckert K: A randomised comparative trial of yoga and relaxation to reduce stress and anxiety. Complement Ther Med. 2007, 15 (2): 77-83.
Sobana R, Parthasarathy S, Duraisamy JK, Vadivel S: The effect of yoga therapy on selected psychological variables among male patients with insomnia. J Clin Diagn Res. 2013, 7 (1): 55-57.
Sodhi C, Singh S, Dandona PK: A study of the effect of yoga training on pulmonary functions in patients with bronchial asthma. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2009, 53 (2): 169-174.
Soni R, Munish K, Singh K, Singh S: Study of the effect of yoga training on diffusion capacity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients: A controlled trial. Int J Yoga. 2012, 5 (2): 123-127.
Stachenfeld NS, Mack GW, DiPietro L, Morocco TS, Jozsi AC, Nadel ER: Regulation of blood volume during training in post-menopausal women. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1998, 30 (1): 92-98.
Stoller CC, Greuel JH, Cimini LS, Fowler MS, Koomar JA: Effects of sensory-enhanced yoga on symptoms of combat stress in deployed military personnel. Am J Occup Ther. 2012, 66 (1): 59-68.
Streeter CC, Whitfield TH, Owen L, Rein T, Karri SK, Yakhkind A, Perlmutter R, Prescot A, Renshaw PF, Ciraulo DA, Jensen JE: Effects of yoga versus walking on mood, anxiety, and brain GABA levels: a randomized controlled MRS study. J Altern Complement Med. 2010, 16 (11): 1145-1152.
Subramanian H, Soudarssanane MB, Jayalakshmy R, Thiruselvakumar D, Navasakthi D, Sahai A, Saptharishi L: Non-pharmacological Interventions in Hypertension: A Community-based Cross-over Randomized Controlled Trial. Indian J Community Med. 2011, 36 (3): 191-196.
Subramanian S, Elango T, Malligarjunan H, Kochupillai V, Dayalan H: Role of sudarshan kriya and pranayam on lipid profile and blood cell parameters during exam stress: A randomized controlled trial. Int J Yoga. 2012, 5 (1): 21-27.
Tandon MK: Adjunct treatment with yoga in chronic severe airways obstruction. Thorax. 1978, 33 (4): 514-517.
Taneja I, Deepak KK, Poojary G, Acharya IN, Pandey RM, Sharma MP: Yogic versus conventional treatment in diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome: a randomized control study. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2004, 29 (1): 19-33.
Tekur P, Chametcha S, Hongasandra RN, Raghuram N: Effect of yoga on quality of life of clbp patients: A randomized control study. Int J Yoga. 2010, 3 (1): 10-17.
Tekur P, Nagarathna R, Chametcha S, Hankey A, Nagendra HR: A comprehensive yoga programs improves pain, anxiety and depression in chronic low back pain patients more than exercise: an RCT. Complement Ther Med. 2012, 20 (3): 107-118.
Tekur P, Singphow C, Nagendra HR, Raghuram N: Effect of short-term intensive yoga program on pain, functional disability and spinal flexibility in chronic low back pain: a randomized control study. J Altern Complement Med. 2008, 14 (6): 637-644.
Telles S, Bhardwaj AK, Kumar S, Kumar N, Balkrishna A: Performance in a substitution task and state anxiety following yoga in army recruits. Psychol Rep. 2012, 110 (3): 963-976.
Telles S, Dash M, Manjunath NK, Deginal R, Naveen KV: Effect of yoga on visual perception and visual strain. J Mod Opt. 2007, 54 (9): 1379-1383.
Telles S, Dash M, Naveen KV: Effect of yoga on musculoskeletal discomfort and motor functions in professional computer users. Work. 2009, 33 (3): 297-306.
Telles S, Joshi M, Somvanshi P: Yoga breathing through a particular nostril is associated with contralateral event-related potential changes. Int J Yoga. 2012, 5 (2): 102-107.
Telles S, Nagarathna R, Nagendra HR: Breathing through a particular nostril can alter metabolism and autonomic activities. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 1994, 38 (2): 133-137.
Telles S, Nagarathna R, Nagendra HR: Physiological measures of right nostril breathing. J Altern Complement Med. 1996, 2 (4): 479-484.
Telles S, Narendran S, Raghuraj P, Nagarathna R, Nagendra HR: Comparison of changes in autonomic and respiratory parameters of girls after yoga and games at a community home. Percept Mot Skills. 1997, 84 (1): 251-257.
Telles S, Naveen KV: Effect of yoga on somatic indicators of distress in professional computer users. Med Sci Monit. 2006, 12 (10): LE21-LE22.
Telles S, Naveen KV, Dash M, Deginal R, Manjunath NK: Effect of yoga on self-rated visual discomfort in computer users. Head Face Med. 2006, 2: 46-
Telles S, Raghavendra BR, Naveen KV, Manjunath NK, Kumar S, Subramanya P: Changes in autonomic variables following two meditative states described in yoga texts. J Altern Complement Med. 2013, 19 (1): 35-42.
Telles S, Raghuraj P, Maharana S, Nagendra HR: Immediate effect of three yoga breathing techniques on performance on a letter-cancellation task. Percept Mot Skills. 2007, 104 (3 Pt 2): 1289-1296.
Telles S, Singh N, Balkrishna A: Finger dexterity and visual discrimination following two yoga breathing practices. Int J Yoga. 2012, 5 (1): 37-41.
Telles S, Singh N, Bhardwaj AK, Kumar A, Balkrishna A: Effect of yoga or physical exercise on physical, cognitive and emotional measures in children: a randomized controlled trial. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2013, 7 (1): 37-
Telles S, Singh N, Joshi M, Balkrishna A: Post traumatic stress symptoms and heart rate variability in Bihar flood survivors following yoga: a randomized controlled study. BMC Psychiatry. 2010, 10: 18-
Telles S, Srinivas RB: Autonomic and respiratory measures in children with impaired vision following yoga and physical activity programs. Int J Rehabilitation & Health. 1998, 4 (2): 117-122.
Telles S, Yadav A, Kumar N, Sharma S, Visweshwaraiah NK, Balkrishna A: Blood pressure and Purdue pegboard scores in individuals with hypertension after alternate nostril breathing, breath awareness, and no intervention. Med Sci Monit. 2013, 19: 61-66.
Tharion E, Samuel P, Rajalakshmi R, Gnanasenthil G, Subramanian RK: Influence of deep breathing exercise on spontaneous respiratory rate and heart rate variability: a randomised controlled trial in healthy subjects. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2012, 56 (1): 80-87.
Tiedemann A, O’Rourke S, Sesto R, Sherrington C: A 12-week Iyengar yoga program improved balance and mobility in older community-dwelling people: a pilot randomized controlled trial. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2013, 68 (9): 1068-1075.
Tilbrook HE, Cox H, Hewitt CE, Kang’ombe AR, Chuang LH, Jayakody S, Aplin JD, Semlyen A, Trewhela A, Watt I, Torgerson DJ: Yoga for chronic low back pain: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2011, 155 (9): 569-578.
Toise SC, Sears SF, Schoenfeld MH, Blitzer ML, Marieb MA, Drury JH, Slade MD, Donohue TJ: Psychosocial and cardiac outcomes of yoga for ICD patients: a randomized clinical control trial. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2014, 37 (1): 48-62.
Tracy BL, Hart CEF: Bikram yoga training and physical fitness in healthy young adults. J Strength Cond Res. 2013, 27 (3): 822-830.
Trakroo M, Bhavanani AB, Pal GK, Udupa K, Krishnamurthy N: A comparative study of the effects of asan, pranayama and asan-pranayama training on neurological and neuromuscular functions of Pondicherry police trainees. Int J Yoga. 2013, 6 (2): 96-103.
Turankar AV, Jain S, Patel SB, Sinha SR, Joshi AD, Vallish BN, Mane PR, Turankar SA: Effects of slow breathing exercise on cardiovascular functions, pulmonary functions & galvanic skin resistance in healthy human volunteers - a pilot study. Indian J Med Res. 2013, 137 (5): 916-921.
Madanmohan UK, Bhavanani AB, Vijayalakshmi P, Krishnamurthy N: Effect of pranayam training on cardiac function in normal young volunteers. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2003, 47 (1): 27-33.
Umadevi P, Ramachandra S, Varambally S, Philip M, Gangadhar BN: Effect of yoga therapy on anxiety and depressive symptoms and quality-of-life among caregivers of in-patients with neurological disorders at a tertiary care center in India: A randomized controlled trial. Indian J Psychiatry. 2013, 55 (7): S385-s389.
Vadiraja HS, Rao MR, Nagarathna R, Nagendra HR, Rekha M, Vanitha N, Gopinath KS, Srinath BS, Vishweshwara MS, Madhavi YS, Ajaikumar BS, Bilimagga SR, Rao N: Effects of yoga program on quality of life and affect in early breast cancer patients undergoing adjuvant radiotherapy: a randomized controlled trial. Complement Ther Med. 2009, 17: 274-280.
Vadiraja HS, Raghavendra RM, Nagarathna R, Nagendra HR, Rekha M, Vanitha N, Gopinath KS, Srinath BS, Vishweshwara MS, Madhavi YS, Ajaikumar BS, Ramesh BS, Nalini R, Kumar V: Effects of a yoga program on cortisol rhythm and mood states in early breast cancer patients undergoing adjuvant radiotherapy: a randomized controlled trial. Integr Cancer Ther. 2009, 8 (1): 37-46.
Vadiraja HS, Rao RM, Hongasandra NR, Nagarathna R, Rekha M, Vanitha N, Kodaganuru GS, Srinath BS, Vishweshwara MS