Toxic | Raw DH | Wine DH | Vinegar DH | Prepared DH | Charred DH | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nephrotoxicity | √ | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | [16] |
Hepatotoxicity | √ | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | [16] |
Gastrointestinal reactions | √ | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | [17] |
The property of bitter cold | √ | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | [17] |
Characteristic components | Aloe-emodin | Cinnamyl-galloyl | Cinnamyl-galloyl | Gallic acid | Gallic acid | [16] |
-glucoside | -glucoside | -glucoside | chrysophanol | chrysophanol | [17] |