Effects of red pitaya juice supplementation on cardiovascular and hepatic changes in high-carbohydrate, high-fat diet-induced metabolic syndrome rats

Table 1 Dietary intakes, body composition, organ wet weights and plasma biochemistry analysis in C, CRP, H and HRP diet-fed rats

Variable	C	CRP	H	HRP	P-value
Variable	C	CRP	H	HRP	Diet	Treatment	Interaction
Food intake, g/d (n = 7-8)	36.3 ± 0.9^b	40.4 ± 0.7^a	27.3 ± 1.3^c	27.7 ± 2.6^c	<0.0001	0.0375	0.07
Water intake, ml/d (n = 7-8)	29.6 ± 2.6	30.9 ± 1.7	26.5 ± 2.3	29.6 ± 5.0	0.06	0.3	0.41
Energy intake, kJ/d (n = 8)	405.5 ± 10.2^d	512.7 ± 8.3^c	569.2 ± 28.7^b	655.2 ± 28.7^a	0.8041	<0.0001	<0.0001
Body weight gain (8–16 weeks),% (n = 8)	7.1 ± 1.1^bc	11.6 ± 2.6^b	19.1 ± 1.4^a	19.7 ± 1.5^a	<0.0001	0.12	0.19
Total body fat mass, g (n = 8)	77.5 ± 5.8^b	110.6 ± 10.4^b	210.8 ± 27.6^a	230.4 ± 23.1^a	<0.0001	0.23	0.85
Total body lean mass, g (n = 8)	296.9 ± 10.6	305.2 ± 3.0	296.8 ± 15.4	286.2 ± 16.0	0.67	0.42	0.31
Abdominal circumference, cm (n = 8)	18.9 ± 0.2^d	20.2 ± 0.3^c	22.1 ± 0.4^b	24.7 ± 0.5^a	<0.0001	<0.0001	0.0403
Tissue wet weights, mg/mm tibial length (n = 8)
Liver (n = 7-8)	248.8 ± 12.0^b	258.0 ± 16.4^b	332.5 ± 1.0^a	363.2 ± 8.6^a	<0.0001	0.18	0.41
Kidneys (n = 7-8)	47.92 ± 1.3^b	54.62 ± 1.7^b	57.31 ± 3.1^a	58.62 ± 1.5^a	0.0299	0.0856	< 0.0001
Spleen (n = 7-8)	17.27 ± 1.1	19.53 ± 1.2	19.1 ± 0.3	16.11 ± 1.6	0.0042	0.9573	0.1704
Plasma biochemistry analysis
Urea (mmol/L) (n = 7-8)	2.74 ± 0.62	2.94 ± 0.31	2.90 ± 0.33	2.11 ± 0.12	0.1463	0.6032	0.5296
uric acid (μmol/L) (n = 7-8)	32.6 ± 5.36^b	45.4 ± 1.37^a	26.6 ± 2.2^bc	16.4 ± 2.36^c	0.0014	0.0793	< 0.0001
Glucose, mmol/L (n = 5-8)	11.2 ± 0.61^ab	12.6 ± 1.19^a	12.4 ± 0.45^ab	9.7 ± 0.44^b	0.0118	0.4315	0.6681

Each value is a mean ± S.E.M. Number of repetitive experiments indicated within parenthesis. Means within a row with unlike superscripts letters a, b, c, d differ significantly (p < 0.05). C, corn starch diet; CRP, corn starch + red pitaya juice; H, high fat diet; HRP, high fat diet + red pitaya juice.