Dietary supplement | Group | Studies (reference number) | Individual study prevalence, mean (95% CI) | Total sample size (n) | Summary prevalence estimate (95% CI) (%) | Homogeneity of summary prevalence estimate |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 |  |  | (%) |  |  | (Q Statistic p-value) |
Any | Army Men | Brasfield [6] | 59 (56–63) | 4,871 | 55(53–56) | 0.77 |
Bray et al. [19] | 55 (53–57) | |||||
Lieberman [26] | 55 (50–60) | |||||
Lieberman et al. [8] | 53 (50–56) | |||||
Navy Men | Bray et al. [19] | 60 (58–62) | 3,341 |  |  | |
AF Men | Bray et al. [19] | 60 (58–62) | 3,193 |  |  | |
Marine Men | Bray et al. [19] | 61 (59–63) | 2,767 |  |  | |
Army Women | Brasfield [6] | 70 (62–78) | 1,844 | 65(60–70) | 0.14 | |
Bray et al. [19] | 66 (63–69) | |||||
Lieberman [26] | 70 (56–84) | |||||
Lieberman et al. [8] | 57 (49–66) | |||||
Navy Women | Bray et al. [19] | 71 (68–74) | 1,286 |  |  | |
AF Women | Bray et al. [19] | 76 (74–78) | 1.331 |  |  | |
Marine Women | Bray et al. [19] | 71 (67–75) | 589 |  |  | |
Army Officers in Training, Women | Klicka et al. [15] | 35 (25–45) | 136 | 36(28–44) | 0.72 | |
Arsenault et al. [35] | 38 (25–51) | |||||
Navy SEALs | Schneider et al. [21] | 78 (70–87) | 1,479 | 76(65–85) | <0.01 | |
Army SF | Bovill et al. [12] | 90 (85–95) | ||||
Army Rangers | Deuster et al. [5] | 82 (70–94) | ||||
Army Rangers | Johnson et al. [38] | 56 (50–62) | ||||
Army Rangers | Lieberman [27] | 81 (78–84) | ||||
Army SF | Lieberman [28] | 65 (57–73) | ||||
Army SF | Lieberman et al. [8] | 77 (57–97) | ||||
Multivitamin | Army Men | Warber et al. [16] | 24 (22–26) | 7,418 | 32(26–39) | <0.01 |
Brasfield [6] | 33 (30–36) | |||||
Bray et al. [19] | 38 (36–40) | |||||
Lieberman [26] | 30 (26–34) | |||||
Lieberman [8] | 37 (34–40) | |||||
Navy Men | Bray et al. [19] | 46 (45–48) | 3,341 |  |  | |
AF Men | Bray et al. [19] | 47 (45–49) | 3,193 |  |  | |
Marine Men | Bray et al. [19] | 41 (39–43) | 2,767 |  |  | |
Army Women | Warber et al. [16] | 35 (31–39) | 1,610 | 40(32–48) | <0.01 | |
Brasfield [6] | 40 (31–49) | |||||
Bray et al. [19] | 50 (47–53) | |||||
Lieberman [26] | 28 (14–42) | |||||
Lieberman et al. 2010 [8] | 41 (33–49) | |||||
Navy Women | Bray et al. [19] | 55 (52–58) | 1,286 |  |  | |
AF Women | Bray et al. [19] | 63 (60–66) | 1,331 |  |  | |
Marine Women | Bray et al. [19] | 53 (49–57) | 589 |  |  | |
Navy SEALS | Schneider et al. [21] | 26 (17–35) | 1,147 | 37(25–52) | <0.01 | |
Army SF | Bovill et al. [12] | 55 (46–64) | ||||
Army Rangers | Lieberman [27] | 23 (20–26) | ||||
Army SF | Lieberman [28] | 32 (25–39) | ||||
Lieberman et al. [8] | 64 (41–87) | |||||
Any vitamin or mineral | Army Men | Carlson et al. [14] | 7 (1–13) | 3,720 | 18(13–26) | <0.01 |
Bray et al. [19] | 24 (22–26) | |||||
Lieberman et al. [8] | 17 (15–20) | |||||
Navy Men | Bray et al. [19] | 27 (25–29) | 3,341 |  |  | |
AF Men | Bray et al. [19] | 25 (24–27) | 3,193 |  |  | |
Marine Men | Bray et al. [19] | 24 (22–26) | 2,767 |  |  | |
Army Women | Bray et al. [19] | 34 (31–37) | 952 | 29(19–41) | 0.01 | |
Lieberman et al. [8] | 23 (16–30) | |||||
Navy Women | Bray et al. [19] | 36 (33–39) | 1,286 |  |  | |
AF Women | Bray et al. [19] | 40 (37–43) | 1,331 |  |  | |
Marine Women | Bray et al. [19] | 33 (29–37) | 589 |  |  | |
Vitamin C | Army Men | Brasfield [6] | 17 (14–20) | 1,609 | 15(12–20) | 0.07 |
Lieberman et al. [26] | 13 (10–16) | |||||
Army Women | Brasfield [6] | 15 (9–21) | 255 | 15(10–21) | 0.19 | |
Lieberman et al. 2008 [26] | 13 (3–23) | |||||
Army SF | Bovill 2003 [12] | 20 (13–27) | 271 | 15(8–26) | 0.04 | |
Lieberman [28] | 11 (6–16) | |||||
Vitamin E | Army Men | Brasfield [6] | 10 (8–12) | 514 | 8(5–13) | 0.12 |
Lieberman [26] | 6 (4–8) | |||||
Army Women | Brasfield [6] | 7 (3–12) | 164 | 7(4–12) | 0.95 | |
Lieberman [26] | 8 (1–16) | |||||
Army SF | Bovill et al. [12] | 12 (6–18) | 271 | 9(6–15) | 0.21 | |
Lieberman [28] | 7 (3–11) | |||||
Calcium | Army Men | Brasfield [6] | 12 (10–14) | 1,194 | 9(4–17) | <0.01 |
Lieberman [26] | 6 (4–8) | |||||
Army Women | Brasfield [6] | 14 (8–20) | 164 | 14(10–20) | 0.84 | |
Lieberman[26] | 15 (4–26) | |||||
Iron | Army Women | Brasfield [6] | 12 (6–18) | 164 | 12(8–18) | 0.72 |
Lieberman [26] | 10 (1–19) | |||||
Protein | Army SF | Bovill et al. [12] | 24 (16–32) | 271 | 20(13–30) | 0.08 |
Lieberman [28] | 16 (10–22) | |||||
Protein or amino acid | Navy SEALs | Schneider et al. [21] | 18 (15–21) | 876 | 21(11–36) | <0.01 |
Army Rangers | Lieberman [27] | 12 (5–19) | ||||
Army SF | Lieberman et al. [8] | 47 (23–71) | ||||
Creatine | Army Men | Brasfield [6] | 16 (13–18) | 1,194 | 9(3–27) | <0.01 |
Lieberman [26] | 5 (3–7) | |||||
Navy SEALs | Schneider et al. [21] | 32 (22–42) | 1,169 | 20(15–25) | 0.02 | |
Army SF | Bovill et al. [12] | 18 (11–25) | ||||
Army Rangers | Deuster et al.[5] | 13 (2–24) | ||||
Army Rangers | Lieberman [27] | 19 (16–22) | ||||
Army SF | Lieberman [28] | 16 (10–22) | ||||
Sport drinks | Army Men | Lieberman [26] | 20 (16–24) | 1,303 | 22(19–25) | 0.22 |
Lieberman et al. [8] | 23 (20–26) | |||||
Army Women | Lieberman [26] | 28 (14–42) | 171 | 25(19–32) | 0.24 | |
Lieberman et al. [8] | 24 (17–31) | |||||
Navy SEALs | Schneider et al. [21] | 19 (11–27) | 1,147 | 39(26–55) | <0.01 | |
Army SF | Bovill et al. [12] | 71 (63–79) | ||||
Army Rangers | Lieberman [27] | 41 (38–44) | ||||
Army SF | Lieberman [28] | 36 (28–44) | ||||
Army SF | Lieberman et al. [8] | 32 (10–54) | ||||
Sport bars | Army Men | Warber et al. [16] | 8 (7–9) | 3,890 | 7(5–9) | 0.03 |
Lieberman [26] | 5 (3–7) | |||||
Lieberman et al. [8] | 6 (4–8) | |||||
Army Women | Warber et al. [16] | 3 (2–5) | 625 | 3(2–5) | 0.65 | |
Lieberman et al. [8] | 4 (1–7) | |||||
Navy SEALs | Schneider et al. [21] | 40 (30–50) | 1,147 | 19(6–46) | <0.01 | |
Army SF | Bovill et al. [12] | 52 (43–61) | ||||
Army Rangers | Lieberman [27] | 6 (4–8) | ||||
Army SF | Lieberman [28] | 15 (9–21) | ||||
Army SF | Lieberman et al. [8] | 7 (1–14) |