Study | Subjects | Methods for collecting supplement information | Reporting timeframe | Response rate (%) - proportion of population participating in investigation | Methodological quality score (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Carlson et al. [14] | 43 ♂ US Army senior non-commissioned officers | Questionnaire with items on DS use | Current Use | 86 | 75 |
Klicka et al. [15] | 119 ♂ & 86 ♀ cadets at the US Military Academy at West Point NY | 7-day dietary record with interview | Use over 7 days | Not provided | 38 |
Schneider et al. [21] | 91 ♂ US Navy SEAL personnel | Questionnaire focused on DS use | Current Use | Not provided | 25 |
Kennedy and Arsenault [33] | 2,215 ♂ US Army soldiers entering Special Forces and Ranger training | Questionnaire focused on DS use | Current use, ≥ 1 time/wk, within last 3 months | 99 | 66 |
Warber et al. [16] | 2,547 ♂ & 494 ♀ US Army soldiers from 32 Army installations world-wide | Questionnaires with items on DSs | Current use ≥1 time/wk | Not provided | 59 |
McGraw et al. [22] | 367 ♂ US Army Rangers | Questionnaire focused on DS use | Use in past 6 months | Not provided | 41 |
Sheppard et al. [34] | 102 ♂ & 31 ♀ US service members using health clubs | Questionnaire focused on creatine and use of other DSs | Current use | 70 | 66 |
Arsenault & Cline [35] | 50 ♀ officers in Basic Officer Training | 7-day dietary record with interview | Use over 7 day period | Not provided | 42 |
Stevens and Olsen [36] | 439 ♂ & 60 ♀ US marine or AF basic trainees | Questionnaire focused on ergogenic DS use | Any use in lifetime | 91 | 91 |
Shanks [17] | 224 ♀ active duty US AF women | Questionnaire focused on herbal therapy | Use in the last 2 years | 45 | 75 |
Bovill et al. [12] | 119 ♂ US Army Special Forces soldiers | Questionnaire on nutrition and DS use | Current use | Not provided | 29 |
Deuster et al. [5] | 38 ♂ US Army Rangers at Fort Bragg, North Carolina | General health questionnaire with items on DSs | Daily Use | Not provided | 29 |
Brasfield [6] | 750 ♂ & 124 ♀ US Army soldiers from 16 Army posts | Questionnaire focused on DS use | Current use ≥1 time/wk | 58 | 59 |
Castillo et al. [18] | 1,326 ♂ & 120 ♀ US marines at Camp Pendleton, California | Questionnaire (Marine Health Behavior Survey) with items on DSs | Use in last year | 85 | 59 |
12,119 ♂ & 4,027 ♀ US quad-service members (23% Army; 29% Navy, 21% Marine Corps, 28% AF) | Questionnaire with items on DS use | Current use ≥1 time/wk in last year | 53 | 88 | |
Smith et al. [37] | 1,009 ♂ and 296 ♀ US Navy and Marine Corps personnel (72% Navy, 22% Marine Corps, 6% Navy Reserve/Guard) | Questionnaire with items on DS use | Use in past year | 35 | 79 |
294 ♂ US Army Rangers | Questionnaire focused on DS use | Current Use | 39 | 41 | |
Corum [23] | 3,789 ♂ & 1,146 ♀ US Army soldiers assigned in Europe | Questionnaire focused on DS use | Current use | Not provided | 38 |
French [24] | 376 US service members, active duty, National Guard, or reserves | On-line questionnaire focused on DS use | Use in past 3Â months | 60 | 38 |
Lieberman [29] | 284 ♂ & 31 ♀ US senior military officers at the US Army War College, all services | Questionnaire focused on DS use | Use ≥ 1 time/wk | Not provided | 34 |
Lieberman [27] | 768 ♂ US Army Rangers | Questionnaire focused on DS use | Use ≥1 time/wk | Not provided | 25 |
Lieberman [28] | 152 ♂ US Army Special Forces soldiers | Questionnaire focused on DS use | Use ≥1 time/wk | Not provided | 29 |
Lieberman [26] | 444 ♂ & 40 ♀ US Army soldiers | Questionnaire focused on DS use | Use ≥1 time/wk | 80 | 46 |
Thomasos 2008 [31] | 10,985 US AF personnel at 27 major installations | Questionnaire focused on DS use | Current use | Not provided | 38 |
Young and Stephens [39] | 236 ♂ & 83 ♀ US Marine Corps recruits entering basic training | Questionnaire focused on DS use | Use at any time in past | 65 | 54 |
Boos et al. [7] | 889 ♂ & 128 ♀ UK Soldiers deployed in Basra, Iraq | Questionnaire focused on DS use | Current Use | 66 | 66 |
859 ♂ &131 ♀ US Army soldiers from 11 locations including two overseas; 17 ♂ Special Forces soldiers | Questionnaire focused on DS use | Use ≥1 time/wk in last 6 months | ~80 | 71 | |
Wells & Webb [20] | 197 US AF trainees in Tactical Air Control Party training | Questionnaire with items on DSs | Current Use | Not provided | 41 |
Boos et al. [40] | 78 ♂ & 9 ♀ UK soldiers deployed in Afghanistan | Questionnaire focused on DS use | Current use | 58 | 29 |
Jacobson et al. [43] | 72,718 ♂ & 33,980 ♀ US service members (active & reserve) enrolled in the Millennium Cohort Study | Questionnaire including item on DS use | Use in last 12 months | 68 | 88 |
Toblin et al. [44] | 988 ♂ US Army soldiers and marines deployed to Afghanistan | Questionnaire including item on energy drinks | Daily Use | 79 | 71 |
Kjertakov et al. 2013 [45] | 132 ♂ Macedonian Special Operations soldiers | Questionnaire focused on DS use | Use in last 3 months | Not provided | 41 |
Cassler et al. [9] | 310 ♂ & 19 ♀ US marines deployed in Afghanistan (Camp Leatherneck) | Questionnaire focused on DS use | Use in last 30 days | Not provided | 38 |