Simultaneous transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation mitigates simulator sickness symptoms in healthy adults: a crossover study

Table 2 Effects of simulator sickness (SS) and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) on various physiological parameters

	Phase 1		Phase 2		Early post-test		Late post-test
	(Pre-20 to pre-10 min)		(Pre-10 min to 0 min)		(30 min to SS15 min)		(SS15min to SS30 min)
	SS	SS + TENS	SS	SS + TENS	SS	SS + TENS	SS	SS + TENS
HR (bpm)	73.09 ± 13.27	76.65 ± 8.95	74.22 ± 14.36	74.22 ± 9.15	77.15 ± 18.10	75.41 ± 9.64*	78.59 ± 13.85^#	76.23 ± 7.10*
LF/(LF + HF)	0.52 ± 0.17	0.60 ± 0.06	0.51 ± 0.18	0.57 ± 0.08	0.70 ± 0.11^#	0.55 ± 0.11*	0.75 ± 0.06^#	0.58 ± 0.10*
HF/(LF + HF)	0.48 ± 0.17	0.40 ± 0.06	0.49 ± 0.18	0.43 ± 0.08	0.30 ± 0.11^#	0.45 ± 0.11*	0.25 ± 0.06^#	0.42 ± 0.10*
LF/HF	1.43 ± 0.87	1.66 ± 0.44	1.37 ± 0.75	1.51 ± 0.50	3.00 ± 1.46^#	1.42 ± 0.57*	3.66 ± 1.74^#	1.68 ± 0.78*

SS: simulation sickness; HR: heart rate; LF: low frequency, HF: high frequency; % change compared with pre-20 min presented in parentheses.
*p < 0.05 relative to SS; ^# < 0.05 relative to baseline (Pre-20 min).

ISSN: 2662-7671