Figure 2

Typical tracing (A) showing the effect of the crude methanolic extract of Viola betonicifolia (VBME) and acetylcholine (ACh) in the absence and presence of atropine (0.1 μM) and (B) showing the dose–response curves of the spasmogenic effect of the VBME in the absence and presence of atropine (0.1 μM), pyrilamine (1 μM), hexamethonium (0.3 mM) or SB203186 (1 μM), in isolated rabbit jejunum preparations. The values shown are mean ± S.E.M of 4–7 individual experiments and expressed as the percentage of ACh maximum response. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 and ***P < 0.001 (Two-way ANOVA, followed by bonferoni post-test correction or unpaired t-test).