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Table 3 Pregnancy outcome according to cranberry exposure, n = 68,522*

From: Pregnancy outcome after use of cranberry in pregnancy – the Norwegian mother and child cohort study

  

No exposure to cranberry (n = 67,603)

Exposed to cranberry during pregnancy (n = 919)

Outcome

Total (%)

No. (%)

Crude OR

Adjusted OR

No. (%)

Crude OR (95% CI)

Adjusted OR (95% CI)

Stillbirth/neonatal death a

323 (0.5)

319 (0.5)

Ref.

Ref.

4 (0.4)

0.9 (0.3–2.5)

1.1 (0.4–2.8)g

Preterm birth b

3,535 (5.2)

3,497 (5.2)

Ref.

Ref.

38 (4.1)

1.0 (0.8–1.4)

1.0 (0.8–1.4)h

Low birth weight c

2,182 (3.2)

2,160 (3.2)

Ref.

Ref.

22 (2.4)

0.7 (0.5–1.1)

0.7 (0.4–1.0)g

Small for gestational age d

4,281 (6.2)

4,226 (6.3)

Ref.

Ref.

55 (6.0)

1.0 (0.7–1.3)

0.8 (0.6–1.1)i

Low Apgar score e

898 (1.3)

887 (1.3)

Ref.

Ref.

11 (1.2)

1.2 (0.7–2.0)

1.0 (0.6–1.8)g

Neonatal infections f

870 (1.3)

856 (1.3)

Ref.

Ref.

14 (1.5)

1.2 (0.7–2.1)

1.1 (0.6–1.9)j

  1. Abbreviations: CI confidence interval, OR odds ratio, Ref. reference category.
  2. *Odds ratios (ORs) resulting from Generalized estimating equations analyses are presented in the table.
  3. The outcomes were not mutually exclusive.
  4. aIncludes infants who were stillborn with a gestational age of ≥22 weeks or birth weight of ≥425 g, or who died during the first 28 days of life.
  5. bIncludes infants born at a gestational age of <37 weeks, which WHO defines as preterm.
  6. cIncludes infants with a birth weight of <2500 g, which WHO defines as low birth weight.
  7. dIncludes infants with a birth weight below the 10th percentile at the attained gestational age.
  8. eIncludes infants who had an Apgar score of < 7 at 5 min after birth.
  9. fIncludes infants who were diagnosed with ICD-10 P35-39.
  10. gAdjusted for maternal age, parity, pre-pregnancy BMI, folic acid use, smoking, UTI, education, previous miscarriages/stillbirths, length of gestation, maternal mother tongue and year of delivery.
  11. hAdjusted for maternal age, parity, pre-pregnancy BMI, folic acid use, smoking, UTI, education, previous miscarriages/stillbirths, maternal mother tongue, year of delivery and vaginal catarrh.
  12. iAdjusted for maternal age, parity, pre-pregnancy BMI, folic acid use, smoking, UTI, education, previous miscarriages/stillbirths, maternal mother tongue and year of delivery.
  13. jAdjusted for maternal age, parity, pre-pregnancy BMI, folic acid use, smoking, UTI, education, previous miscarriages/stillbirths, length of gestation, maternal mother tongue, year of delivery and vaginal infections.
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BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies

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