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Table 5 Herbs used; respondents reported purposes and adverse effects (n=199)*
| Types of herb used | Frequency (%) | Main purpose given by respondents | Adverse effects experienced |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kariyat (Andrographis paniculata) | 23 (11.6) | Common cold, fever, sore throat, diabetes | Increased SCr |
| Turmeric (Curcuma longa) | 19 (9.5) | Gastrointestinal symptoms**, constipation, CKD | - |
| Horseradish tree (Moringa oleifera) | 16 (8.0) | Diabetes, hypertension, constipation | Unable to stop bleeding |
| Mixed botanical extract or fruit drink | 12 (6.0) | CKD, diabetes, well-being | - |
| Ginseng (Panax spp.) | 7 (3.5) | Well-being | - |
| Holy mushroom (Garnoderma lucidum) | 5 (2.5) | CKD | Oedema |
| River spiderwort (Tradescantia fluminensis) | 4 (2.0) | CKD | Increased SCr, fatigue |
| Babbler’s Bill Leaf (Thunbergia laurifolia) | 3 (1.5) | Detoxification, diabetes | - |
| Senna (Senna alexandrina) | 3 (1.5) | Constipation | - |
| Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) | 3 (1.5) | Improved brain function | - |
| Boesenbergia (Boesenbergia rotunda) | 3 (1.5) | CKD | - |
| Garlic | 3 (1.5) | Dyslipidemia | - |
| Mixed Thai traditional herbs called “Ya Hom” | 3 (1.5) | Well-being, fainting, dizziness | - |
| Heart-leaved moonseed (Tinospora cripa) | 3 (1.5) | Diabetes,well-being | - |
| Coix seed (Semen Coicis) | 3 (1.5) | CKD, well-being, diabetes | - |
| Vap Ca (Houttuynia cordata) | 2 (1.0) | Kidney stones, CKD | - |
| Aloe (Aloe vera) | 2 (1.0) | Diuretic effects, well-being | - |
| Blue Pea (Clitoria ternatea) | 2 (1.0) | CKD | - |
| Mixed 3 or 6 types of mushrooms | 2 (1.0) | CKD | - |
| Shiitake mushroom (Lentinus edodes) | 2 (1.0) | CKD, well-being | - |
| Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) | 2 (1.0) | Diabetes | - |
| Mixed Thai traditional herbs called “Ya Khom” | 2 (1.0) | Fever | - |
| Mixed Thai traditional herbs called “Ka Sai” | 2 (1.0) | Constipation, well-being | - |
| Jujube (Zizyphus mauritiana) and Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) | 2 (1.0) | CKD, dyslipidemia | - |
| Spirulina | 2 (1.0) | Detoxification, diabetes | - |
| Lemongrass | 1 (0.5) | Dyslipidemia and CKD | - |
| Boesenbergia, sweet basil, honey and lime juice | 1 (0.5) | CKD | Fainting |
| Boesenbergia, mint, ginger, galangal, lemongrass, kaffir lime leaves and shallots | 1 (0.5) | CKD | - |
| Spring bitter cucumber (Momordica cochinchinensis) | 1 (0.5) | CKD | - |
| Lime | 1 (0.5) | Kidney stones | - |
| Chinese folk remedy - Cordyceps, Lovage (Angelica sinensis), deer antler velvet, cinnamon and Schisandra berry (Schisandra chinensis) | 1 (0.5) | CKD | - |
| Paragrass roots (Brachiaria mutica) and pomegranate leaves (Punica granatum) | 1 (0.5) | CKD | - |
| Leaves of Clerodendrum petasites | 1 (0.5) | CKD | - |
| Java tea | 1 (0.5) | Diuretic effects | - |
