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Figure 3 | BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Figure 3

From: Chotosan ameliorates cognitive and emotional deficits in an animal model of type 2 diabetes: possible involvement of cholinergic and VEGF/PDGF mechanisms in the brain

Figure 3

Diabetes-induced spatial working memory deficit in the MYM test and its reversal by test drugs. A) Schematic drawings of the Y-maze and the experimental procedure. The maze was surrounded by different spatial cues. A) Experimental protocol of the MYM test. The sample trial and test trials were conducted for 5 min at a 30-min interval. (B) Each test was conducted 30 min (THA) or 60 min after daily oral (CTS) or i.p. (THA) administration of test drugs. % Time spent in a novel arm (B) and total locomotion distance during a 5-min observation period were analyzed. Each data column represents the mean ± S.D. (n = 6–9). #P < 0.05 and ###P < 0.001 compared with vehicle-treated m/m group. *P < 0.05 compared with vehicle-treated db/db group (Tukey test).

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