Antimicrobial activity against oral pathogens and immunomodulatory effects and toxicity of geopropolis produced by the stingless bee Melipona fasciculata Smith

Table 1 In vitro activity of geopropolis extracts against Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacilus acidophilus and Candida albicans

Extracts ^a	Inhibition zone in mm ( $\bar{X}$ ± SD)^b
	S. mutans	C. albicans	L. acidophilus
HAE-1	0^d	0^d	0^d
HAE-2	13 ± 1^cd	13 ± 3^b	0^d
HAE-3	10 ± 2^cd	9 ± 1^cd	0^d
HAE-2-CF	13 ± 2^cd	0^d	0^d
HAE-2-HF	0^d	0^d	0^d
Chlorhexidine (0.12%)	23 ± 1	15 ± 2	20 ± 3
Ethanol (70%)	0	0	0

^a Extracts of geopropolis from different municipalities, as shown in Table 1.
^b Average of agar diffusion tests performed in duplicate in three independent experiments.
^c Significantly different from negative control (70% ethanol).
^d Significantly different from positive control (0.12% chlorhexidine) (p < 0.05; Mann-Whitney test).

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