Rose hip and its constituent galactolipids confer cartilage protection by modulating cytokine, and chemokine expression

Table 7 Synopsis of effects of RHP and GLGPG on cellular processes

Type of mediators	Effect of RHP and GLGPG
	In murine macrophages	In human PBL	In chondrocytes	Possible consequences of reduced expression or production
Chemokines (chemokine family)
MIP-1α (CC)	Not significant	Reduced by GLGPG	-^a	Recruitment of monocytes, T cells, B cells and eosinophils reduced by GLGPG
MIP-1β (CC)	-^a	Reduced by GLGPG	-^a	Recruitment of monocytes and neutrophils reduced by GLGPG
MIP-3α (CC)	-^a	Reduced	Reduced	Recruitment of T lymphocytes reduced
CCL5/RANTES (CC)	Not significant	Reduced	Reduced	Recruitment of leukocytes diminished
MIP-2 (CXC)	-^a	Not significant	Reduced by RHP	Recruitment of neutrophils diminished by RHP
IL-8 (CXC)	-^a	Reduced	Reduced by RHP	Mainly reduced recruitment of neutrophils
CXCL10/IP-10 (CXC)	Reduced	Reduced	-^a	Recruitment of activated T cells diminished
Interleukins/cytokines
IL-10	Increased	Increased	-^a	Enhancement of anti-inflammatory processes
IL-1α	Reduced	Reduced	Reduced	Attenuation of inflammatory processes
IL-1β	Reduced	Not significant	Reduced	Attenuation of inflammatory processes
IL-6	Unchanged	Unchanged	Reduced by RHP	Modulation of inflammatory processes in OA and RA
TNF-α	Reduced	Reduced	-^a	Effects on initiation and progression of RA
Growth & differentiation factors
G-CSF	Unchanged	Increased by RHP	Not significant	Modulation of immune response
GM-CSF	Unchanged	Increased by RHP	Not significant	Modulation of immune response
VEGF	-^a	Increased by RHP	Not significant	Promotes angiogenesis
IFN-γ	Unchanged	Reduced	Not significant	Altered immune response

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