From: Tai Chi on psychological well-being: systematic review and meta-analysis
Reference | Control Group(s) | Psychological Status Measured | P-value | Main Conclusions |
---|---|---|---|---|
5 Randomized Controlled Trials | ||||
Galantino et al, 2005 | 1.Aerobic exercise 2.Usual activity | Anxiety (POMS) | 0.005 | Tai Chi decreased tension-anxiety |
Mustian et al, 2004 | Psychosocial support therapy | Self-Esteem (RSE) | 0.01 | Tai Chi improved self-esteem |
Kutner et al, 1997 | 1. Education control 2.Balance training | Self-Esteem (RSE) | NS | Tai Chi improved self-esteem vs. exercise control and vs. education & balance training |
Brown et al, 1995 | 1.Moderate intensity walk 2.Low intensity walk 3.Low intensity walk & relaxation 4.Usual lifestyle behaviors | Anxiety, Depression, Mood and Emotion (STAI, POMS, Tukey multiple comparison test, LSES, PANAS) Self-Esteem (RSE, SPES and BCS) | <0.05 | Tai Chi improved anxiety, depression, general mood and mood disturbance and negative affect (women) |
 |  |  | NS | Tai Chi improved self-esteem in physical competence (men and women) |
Jin, 1992 | 1.TC meditation 2.Brisk walking 3.Neutral reading | Stress (Salivary Cortisol Levela) Anxiety (STAI Y-1) Mood and Emotion (POMS) | <0.005 | Tai Chi reduced anxiety vs. neutral reading group |
 |  |  | <0.001 | All groups reduced stress level and improved total mood disturbance |
7 Non-Randomized Comparison Studies | ||||
Lee et al, 2007 | Usual activity | Self-Esteem (SSES-Chinese Version) | <0.001 | Tai Chi improved self-esteem |
Wall, 2005 | Self-comparison | Anxiety (Written subjective statements) | ND | Students reported feeling calmer, peaceful, relaxed & experienced well-being & improved sleep |
Mills et al, 2000 | Self-comparison | Anxiety, Depression (POMS) | NS | Tai Chi decreased tension-anxiety |
 |  |  | <0.01 | Tai Chi decrease depression-dejection |
Gibb et al, 1997 | Self-comparison | Mood and Emotion (Biographical Self Reflection Program) | ND | Tai Chi improved structured reminiscence with facilitated focused & insightful thinking |
Fu et al, 1996 | Self-comparison | Mood and Emotion (Records from self- report program) | ND | Tai Chi decreased total mood disturbance |
Jin, 1989 | Self-comparison | Stress (Salivary Cortisol Level) aDepression (POMS) Anxiety (STAI) Mood and Emotion (POMS) | <0.01 | Tai Chi decreased stress during and after Tai Chi |
 |  |  | <0.001 | Tai Chi decreased anxiety and total mood disturbance during and after TC |
 |  |  | <0.05 | Tai Chi decreased depression during and after Tai Chi |
Mack, 1980 | Self-comparison | Mood and Emotion (no test reported) | ND | Tai Chi improved mood status |
7 Observational Studies | ||||
Chen et al, 2006 | Self-comparison | Mood and Emotion (Self-design, 10 items) | ND | Tai Chi improved mood status & psychological health |
Wang & Wang, 2004 | 1. >30 min, >3×/wk (regular Tai Chi & Tai Chi sword) 2. some activity, <30 min, <3×/wk 3. other activity, >30 min, >3×/wk | Stress (Chinese Psychological Stress Scores) | <0.01 | Tai Chi decreased psychological stress vs. some activity (<30 min, <3×/wk) |
 |  |  | NS | Tai Chi decreased psychological stress vs. other activity (>30 min, >3×/wk) |
Yang et al, 2004 | Routine activity | Anxiety (Zung SAS) Depression (Zung SDS) | <0.01 | Tai Chi decreased anxiety and depression scores |
Bond et al, 2002 | 1.Sedentary 2.Moderate aerobic activity | Anxiety (STAI) | <0.05 | Tai Chi and moderate aerobic activity decreased state anxiety vs. sedentary group |
Chen et al, 2001 | No exercise control group | Anxiety, Depression, Mood and Emotion (POMS-SF) | 0.000 | Tai Chi decreased tension-anxiety, depression-dejection and total mood disturbance |
Liu & Zhang, 2000 | General population | Anxiety, Depression (Self-Rating Scale-90) | <0.01 | Tai Chi decreased anxiety and depression scales |
Long et al, 2000 | Routine activity | Anxiety, Depression, Mood and Emotion (POMS) | <0.01 | Tai Chi decreased anxiety, depression scales and total mood disturbance |