Table 2 Characteristics of 40 articles published in 1980-2009 on Tai Chi and psychological status
From: Tai Chi on psychological well-being: systematic review and meta-analysis
Referencea | Mean age, yr | Population, n | Duration | Intervention Frequency, style | Psychological Status Measured | Methodological Quality | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Â | Â | Â | Â | Tai Chi | Control(s) | Â | Randomizationb | Outcome Assessors Blindedc | (% dropout)d |
17 Randomized Controlled Trials | |||||||||
Wang et al, 2009, USA | 50 | Individuals with FM, 60 | 12 wks | 1 hr, 2×/wk (classical Yang style) | Attention control | Depression (CES-D) | Y | Y | 10.6% |
Dechamps et al, 2009, France | 44 | Sedentary obese women, 21 | 10 wks | 2 hr, 1×/wk (Yang style) | Exercise Program | Depression (BDI) | Y | Y | 0% |
Wang, 2008, USA | 50 | Functional class I or II RA, 20 | 12 wks | 1 hr, 2×/wk (classical Yang style) | Attention control | Depression (CES-D) | Y | Y | 0% |
Wang et al, 2008, USA | 65 | Elderly with symptomatic KOA, 40 | 12 wks | 1 hr, 2×/wk (classical Yang style) | Attention control | Depression (CES-D) | Y | Y | 0% |
McCain et al, 2008, USA | 42 | Individuals with HIV infection, 252 | 10 wks | 90 min, 1×/wk (focused short form of Tai Chi with 8 movements) | 1.Cognitive -behavioral relaxation training 2.Spriritual growth 3.Wait Liste | Stress (IES, Salivary Cortisol Level)f, Mood and Emotion (FAHI) | Y | Y | 47% |
Fransen et al, 2007, Australia | 70 | Elderly with symptomatic hip or KOA,152 | 12 wks | 1 hr, 2×/wk (modified 24 forms Sun style) | 1.Hydrotherapy 2.Waiting Liste | Stress, Anxiety, Depression (DASS 21) | Y | Y | 12.5% |
Irwin et al, 2007, USA | 70 | Healthy elderly adults, 112 | 16 wks | 40 min, 3×/wk (unspecified style) | Health education | Depression (BDI) | Y | ND | 8.9% |
Sattin et al, 2005, USA Wolf et al, 2003, USA | 81 | Elderly transitioning to frailty, 311 | 48 wks | 60-90 min progression, 2×/wk (6 of the 24 simplified TC forms) | Wellness education | Depression (CES-D) | ND | Y | 29.9% |
Galantino et al, 2005, USA | (20-60) | Advanced HIV/AIDS, 38 | 8 wks | 1 hr, 2×/wk (unspecified style) | 1.Aerobic exercise 2.Usual activity | Anxiety (POMS) | Y | ND | 25.5% |
Chou et al, 2004, China | 73 | Elderly with depression,14 | 12 wks | 45 min, 3×/wk (18 form of Yang style) | Waiting list | Depression (CES-D-Chinese Version) | ND | Y | ND |
Mustian et al, 2004, USA | 52 | Breast cancer survivors, 21 | 12 wks | 1 hr, 3×/wk (15 short form Yang style) | Psychosocial support therapy | Self-Esteem (RSE) | ND | ND | 32.3% |
Tsai et al, 2003, China | 52 | Healthy elderly, 76 | 12 wks | 50 min, 3×/wk (108 postures Yang style) | Sedentary life control | Anxiety (STAI) | IA | Y | 13.6% |
Li et al, 2001, USA | 73 | Healthy elderly, 72 | 24 wks | 1 hr, 2×/wk (classical Yang style) | Waiting list | Stress (SEES) Depression (CES-D) Mood and Emotion (PANAS) | ND | ND | 26.5% |
Kutner et al, 1997, USA | 76 | Healthy elderly 130 | 15 wks | 1 hr, 2×/wk (10 modified forms Yang style) | 1. education control 2. balance training | Self-Esteem (RSE) | ND | ND | 35% |
Sun et al, 1996, USA | (60-79) | Healthy elderly Hmong immigrants, 20 | 12 wks | 2 hrs, 1×/wk for 10 sessions (unspecified style) | Routine physical activity | Stress (SPS, Body Temperaturef) | ND | ND | 0% |
Brown et al, 1995, USA | 53 | Healthy adults, 135 | 16 wks | 45 min, 3×/wk (unspecified style--"mindful exercise") | 1.moderate intensity walk 2.low intensity walk 3.low intensity walk & relaxation 4.usual lifestyle behaviors | Anxiety, Depression, Mood and Emotion (STAI, POMS, Tukey multiple comparison test, LSES, PANAS) Self-Esteem (RSE, SPES and BCS) | ND | ND | 25% |
Jin, 1992, Australia | 36 | Healthy adults, 96 | 1 hr | Single 1 hr session (long form, Yang style or Wu variation of Yang style) | 1.TC meditation 2.brisk walking 3.neutral reading | Stress (Salivary Cortisol Levelf) Anxiety (STAI Y-1) Mood and Emotion (POMS) | ND | Y | ND |
16 Non-Randomized Comparison Studies | |||||||||
Lee et al, 2007, Hong Kong, China | 83 | Healthy elderly, 139 | 26 wks | 1 hr, 3×/wk (unspecified style) | Usual activity | Self-Esteem (SSES-Chinese Version) | N | ND | ND |
Esch et al, 2007, Germany | 28 | Healthy young adults, 9 | 14 wks | 90 min, 1×/wk for 12 sessions (Yang style) | Self-comparison | Stress (Perceived Mental Stress (VAS), Salivary Cortisol level) f | N | ND | 57.1% |
Robins et al, 2006, USA | 42 | HIV disease, 59 | 10 wks | 1 hr, 1×/wk (8 movements short form, unspecified style) | Self-comparison | Stress (FAHI, IES) | N | ND | ND |
Taylor-Piliae et al, 2006, USA | 66 | Elderly Chinese with CVD risk factors, 38 | 12 wks | 1 hr, 3×/wk (24-posture short form, Yang style) | Self-comparison | Stress (PSS) Anxiety, Depression, Mood and Emotion (POMS) | N | ND | 2.6% |
Chen et al, 2005, China | 54 | Healthy elderly, 30 | 24 wks | 1 hr, 4×/wk (simplified 24 forms Yang style & 42 forms TC sword) | Self-comparison | Stress, Anxiety (STAI, POMS) Depression, Mood and Emotion (POMS) | N | ND | ND |
Wall, 2005, USA | (11-13) | Healthy children, 11 | 5 wks | 1 hr, 1×/wk (traditional segments of Yang style & MBSR) | Self-comparison | Anxiety (Written subjective statements) | N | ND | ND |
Li, 2004, China | 20 | Healthy college students, 66 | 24 wks | 1 hr, 3×/wk (unspecified style) | Self-comparison | Anxiety, Depression (SCL-90) | N | ND | ND |
Taggart et al, 2003, USA | 56 | Individuals with FM, 21 | 6 wks | 1 hr, 2×/wk (Yang style short form) | Self-comparison | Anxiety, Depression (FIQ) | N | ND | 43.2% |
Hernandez-Reif et al, 2001, USA | 15 | Adolescents with ADHD, 13 | 5 wks | 30 min, 2×/wk (unspecified style) | Self-comparison | Anxiety, Mood and Emotion (CTRS-R) | N | ND | ND |
Mills et al, 2000, UK | 48 | Adults with MS, 8 | 8 wks | 6 individual sessions (unspecified style or duration) | Self-comparison | Anxiety, Depression (POMS) | N | ND | 33.3% |
Ross et al, 1999, USA | (68-92) | Healthy elderly, 13 | 8 wks | 1 hr, 3×/wk (unspecified style) | Self-comparison | Mood and Emotion (MAACL-R-composite score) | N | ND | 23.5% |
Chen & Sun, 1997, USA | (50-74) | Healthy adults, 28 | 16 wks 4th mo to 9th mo follow-up | 1 hr, 2×/wk, (simplified 24 forms) 1×/mo during follow-up | Routine activity | Anxiety (TMAS and SAI) | N | ND | 22.2% |
Gibb et al, 1997, Australia | 80 | Elderly with dementia (56%) or AD patients (44%), 9 | 7 wks | 13 sessions 2×/wk (unspecified style) | Self-comparison | Mood and Emotion (Biographical Self Reflection Program) | N | ND | 10% |
Fu et al, 1996, Australia | 34 | Healthy students & teachers, 90 | 1 yr | 30 min, 6×/wk (simplified 24 forms) | Self-comparison | Mood and Emotion (Records from self- report program) | N | ND | ND |
Jin, 1989, Australia | (16-75) | Healthy adults with TC experience, 66 | 1 hr | Single 1 hr session (Long Form Yang style or Wu variation of Yang style) | Self-comparison | Stress (Salivary Cortisol Levelf) Depression (POMS) Anxiety (STAI) Mood and Emotion (POMS) | N | ND | ND |
Mack, 1980, Australia | ND | Afro-American males, ND | 24 wks | ND | Self-comparison | Mood and Emotion (no test reported) | N | ND | ND |
7 Observational Studies | |||||||||
Chen et al, 2006, China | (20-35) | Healthy students & teachers, 480 | 0.5-8 yrs | Over 2 hrs/day (24, 28, 58, 88 forms of Chen, Wu, Yang style & TC sword) | Self-comparison | Mood and Emotion Self-design (10 items) | N | Y | ND |
Wang & Wang, 2004, China | 62 | Healthy elderly, 76 | >5 yrs | >30 min, >3×/wk (regular TC & TC sword) | 1. some activity, <30 min, <3×/wk 2. other activity, >30 min, >3×/wk | Stress (Chinese Psychological Stress Scores) | N | ND | ND |
Yang et al, 2004, China | 62 | Healthy elderly, and middle-aged, 373 | >1 yr | Regular TC (unspecified style) | Routine activity | Anxiety (Zung SAS) Depression (Zung SDS) | N | ND | ND |
Bond et al, 2002, USA | 37 | Healthy adults, 249 | >6 mos | Regular TC at least 20 min, 3×/wk (unspecified style) | 1.sedentary 2.moderate aerobic activity | Anxiety (STAI) | N | ND | 0.8% |
Chen et al, 2001, Taiwan, China | 74 | Healthy elderly, 80 | ≥1 yr | Regular TC at least 2×/wk & 30 min/session (unspecified style) | No exercise control group | Anxiety, Depression, Mood and Emotion (POMS-SF) | N | ND | ND |
Liu & Zhang, 2000, China | (18-20) | Healthy individuals, 150 | <1 yr >1 yr >2 yrs | Regular TC (unspecified frequency & style) | General population | Anxiety, Depression (Self-Rating Scale-90) | N | ND | ND |
Long et al, 2000, China | 62 | Healthy adults, 239 | 1-14 yrs | Regular TC (Yang style) | Routine activity | Anxiety, Depression, Mood and Emotion (POMS) | N | ND | ND |