Ethnobotanical survey on herbal remedies for the management of type 2 diabetes in the Casablanca-Settat region, Morocco

Arraji, Maryem; Al Wachami, Nadia; Boumendil, Karima; Chebabe, Milouda; Mochhoury, Latifa; Laamiri, Fatima Zahra; Barkaoui, Mohamed; Chahboune, Mohamed

doi:10.1186/s12906-024-04468-4

BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies

Table 2 Plants utilized in the Casablanca-Settat regions for managing type 2 diabetes mellitus

From: Ethnobotanical survey on herbal remedies for the management of type 2 diabetes in the Casablanca-Settat region, Morocco

Families	Plant species	Vernacular name	Plant part used	Preparation form	Mode of administration	RFC (%)	References in literature regarding the medicinal utilization of plants for managing T2DM
Families	Plant species	Vernacular name	Plant part used	Preparation form	Mode of administration	RFC (%)	In Morocco	Out of Morocco
Amaranthaceae	Chenopodium ambrosioides L.	Lmkhinza	L	Mac	Oral	2.5	[39, 46,47,48,49,50,51,52]	No Data
Amaryllidaceae	Allium sativum L.	Toma	Bu	Raw	Oral	0.4	[22, 23, 39, 46, 48,49,50,51,52,53]	[10, 54,55,56,57,58]
Amaryllidaceae	Allium cepa L.	Bessla	Bu	Raw	Oral	2.5	[22,23,24, 39, 44, 46,47,48,49,50,51, 53, 59]	No Data
Apiaceae	Coriandrum sativum L.	Kesbour	Se L	Inf	Oral	1.2	[24, 46, 47, 53, 59]	No Data
	Pimpinella anisum L.	Hebbat -helawa	Se	Inf	Oral	0.8	[18, 39, 44, 46, 48, 53]	No data
	Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Fuss	Maadnous	L St	Dec	Oral	0.8	[39, 46, 48, 53]	No Data
	Carum carvi L.	karwiya	Se	Inf	Oral	0.4	[21, 22, 24, 39, 44, 48, 53, 60]	[54, 61]
	Foeniculum vulgare Mill.	Nafea	Se	Dec	Oral	6.1	[18, 22,23,24, 39, 44, 48, 49, 60]	[54]
	Pastinaca sativa L.	Laft-mahfor	R	Raw	Oral	3.7	[39, 44]	No Data
	Ammi visnaga (L.) Lam	Bouchnikha	Fr	Dec	Oral	0.8	[22,23,24, 46, 47, 49,50,51,52,53]	No Data
Apocynaceae	Nerium oleander L.	Deflla	L	Fum	Inhalation	04	[22,23,24, 39, 44, 46,47,48,49, 51,52,53, 59, 62]	No Data
Asteraceae	Artemisia herba-alba Asso.	Echih	L St	Inf Dec	Oral	2.9	[53]	[54, 63, 64]
	Matricaria chamomilla L.	Babounej	Fl	Inf	Oral	0.4	[53, 59]	No Data
	Artemisia absinthium L.	Shiba	L	Dec Inf	Oral	3.7	[22,23,24, 39, 46, 47, 49, 51,52,53]	No Data
Brassicaceae	Raphanus sativus L.	Fjel	R	Raw	Oral	4.4	[39, 44, 46, 48, 53]	[65]
Brassicaceae	Lepidium sativum L.	Habberchad	Se	Inf	Oral	7.0	[22, 39, 46, 48, 49, 53]	[54]
Cucurbitaceae	Cucumis sativus L.	Khyar	Fr	Raw	Oral	0.4	[39, 44, 46, 48, 50, 53]	[65]
Cupressaceae	Tetraclinis articulata (Vahl) Mast	Araar	L	Mac	Oral	0.4	[22, 23, 39, 46, 50,51,52,53, 59]	No Data
Fabaceae	Medicago sativa L.	Fessa	Se	Pow	Oral	0.4	[39, 46, 48, 50, 53]	No Data
	Trigonella foenum-graecum L.	Halba	Se	Mac	Oral	3.3	[22,23,24, 39, 44, 46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53, 59, 62]	[54,55,56,57, 63, 65,66,67]
	Glycyrrhiza glabra L.	Arksouss	Ba	Inf Raw	Oral	2.9	[68]	No Data
	Ceratonia siliqua L.	Kherroub	Fr	Raw	Oral	0.4	[39, 44, 46, 48, 53]	No Data
Lamiaceae	Marrubium vulgare L.	Mriwt/Mrriwa	L St	Inf	Oral	0.8	[22, 23, 39, 44, 46,47,48,49,50,51,52, 60]	[54, 63]
	Salvia officinalis L.	Salmiya	L	Inf	Oral	0.8	[23, 39, 44, 46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53, 59, 62]	[54]
	Origanum compactum Benth.	Zaâter	L St	Inf Mac	Oral	2.9	[51]	No Data
	Rosmarinus officinalis L.	Yazir	L St	Inf Dec Mac	Oral	5.7	[22, 23, 44, 48,49,50,51,52,53, 59]	No Data
	Ajuga iva (L.) Schreb.	Chndgoura	L	Pow	Oral	1.2	[22, 23, 39, 44, 46, 48,49,50,51,52,53, 59, 62]	[54, 63, 66, 69]
	Calamintha officinalis Moench	Minta	L St	Dec Inf	Oral	1.6	[21, 39, 44, 47,48,49,50,51, 53, 59,60,61]	No Data
Lauraceae	Cinnamomum verum J. Presl	kerfa	Ba	Mac Dec	Oral	3.3	[22, 49, 50, 53, 59]	No Data
Lauraceae	Laurus nobilis L.	Awrak Rand	L	Inf	Oral	0.4	[46, 53]	No Data
Linaceae	Linum usitatissimum L.	Zerriat-lkattan	Se	Pow	Oral	3.3	[22, 44, 48, 50, 53, 59]	No Data
Lythraceae	Punica granatum L.	Romman	Ba	Dec	Oral	0.4	[22, 24, 44, 48,49,50, 53, 59]	[54, 57, 63, 70]
Moraceae	Ficus carica L.	Chriha	L	Inf	Oral	0.4	[23, 24, 39, 44, 50, 52, 53, 59]	[65]
Myrtaceae	Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh.	Kaliptouss	L	Dec	Oral	4.1	[48]	No Data
	Syzygium aromaticum (L.)	Qrenfel	Se	Pow	Oral	0.4	[23, 39, 44, 48, 49, 51, 53]	No Data
	Myrtus communis L.	Rihane	L	Dec	Oral	2.5	[22, 24, 39, 50,51,52,53]	[71]
Oleaceae	Olea europea L. subsp. europaea var. sylvestris (Mill) Lehr,	Jebbouj	L	Dec	Oral	0.4	No Data	No Data
Papaveraceae	Papaver rhoeas L.	Belàman	Se	Pow	Oral	5.3	[39, 44, 62]	[63]
Pedaliaceae	Sesamum indicum L.	Jenjlane	Se	Inf Pow	Oral	9.8	[22,23,24, 39, 48, 51]	No Data
Ranunculaceae	Nigella sativa L.	channouj/habba -sawdae	Se	Pow	Oral	0.4	[22,23,24, 39, 44, 46,47,48, 50,51,52,53, 59, 62]	[54, 65, 72]
Rhamnaceae	Ziziphus lotus (L.) Lam.	Ssedra	L	Dec Pow	Oral	5.3	[23, 24, 39, 44, 48, 49, 52, 53, 59]	[54, 63]
Theaceae	Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze	Atay	L	Inf	Oral	1.2	[39, 44, 46, 53]	No Data
Urticaceae	Urtica urens L.	Hrriga	L St	Dec	Oral	0.8	No Data	No Data
Verbenaceae	Verbena officinalis L.	Lwiza	L	Dec	Oral	0.8	[68]	No Data
Zingiberaceae	Curcuma longa L.	kharkoum	Rh	Inf	Oral	0.4	[68]	No Data
Zingiberaceae	Zingiber officinale Roscoe	Skinjbir	Rh	Mac	Oral	0.4	[48, 49, 51, 59]	No Data
Zygophyllaceae	Peganum harmala L.	Harmal	Se	Mac	Oral	1.6	[22,23,24, 50, 52, 53, 59]	[54, 67]

RFC: relative frequency of citation; L: leaves; Se: Seed; Bu: bulb; St: stem; R: root; Fl: flower; Fr: fruit; Inf: infusion; Pow: powder; Dec: decoction; Rh: Rhizomes; Mac: maceration; Ba: bark; Fum: fumigation.

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ISSN: 2662-7671

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